Meeting: Reconciling Methodological Discrepancies in the Measurement of Hydraulic Vulnerability to Embolism: August 13-21, 2016 Berkeley, CA & August 6-11, 2017 Portland, OR

本研讨会讨论了植物水力学中一个紧迫而基本的主题，即如何准确测量水力对栓塞的脆弱性。植物水力学领域越来越多地被用来将植物功能与气候变化联系起来，植物水力学数据对于改进基于过程的植物和生态系统应对气候变化的模型至关重要。目前的差异并不是微不足道的，并通过拒绝手稿、未提交或无资金资助的拨款提案以及避免使用植物水力测量的开创性研究来阻碍植物水力学。最重要的是，这次研讨会将使对未来研究的解释不会陷入方法论的争论，而是考虑到它们对该学科的科学价值。除了推进科学方法论，这次研讨会将培训多达5名博士后研究人员和8名学生(研究生和本科生)，学习五种常用的植物水力学测量方法的最佳实践，从而提高未来涉及植物水力学测量的科学产出。此外，这次研讨会将允许来自许多不同背景的研究人员进行合作，包括来自五个不同国家的至少9名妇女和个人。植物水力学是研究植物如何移动和管理水分的科学，已经成为一个无价的科学领域，已经被用来解决跨空间尺度和生物学科的关键问题。特别是，使科学家能够在实验室中有效地得出水力脆弱性曲线的方法的进步极大地促进了我们对植物功能的理解。尽管在方法学上取得了这些进展，但最近的一些出版物(如Choat等人，2010年，Cochard等人。2013年，Jansen等人。2015年)提出，一些最常用的衡量方法给出了不同的结果，因此，该学科目前面临着协调这些差异的挑战。由于这些关于方法学的相互矛盾的报告，科学界正处于一个机会主义的时刻，通过在一项集中和包容的研究中解决所有当前的方法学来克服这些挑战。这次研讨会将使用五种方法来绘制跨越木材解剖的物种的脆弱性曲线，并包括以前根据所使用的方法而显示不同结果的物种。这种方法将解决解剖差异对需要切除植物材料的四种方法的差异的影响，并将这些结果与使用高分辨率计算机断层扫描(HRC)的活植物成像联系起来。具体地说，该研讨会将使用工作台脱水、空气注入、静态离心机和声发射以及对四个物种的完整植物样本进行HRCT成像来绘制水力脆弱性曲线，以就这些差异和未来研究方法的最佳实践达成共识。

This workshop addresses a pressing and fundamental topic in plant hydraulics, how we accurately measure hydraulic vulnerability to embolism. The field of plant hydraulics has become increasingly invoked to link plant functioning with changes in climate and plant hydraulics data is critical for improving process-based models of plant and ecosystem responses to climate change. The current discrepancies are not trivial and have hindered plant hydraulics through declined manuscripts, unsubmitted or unfunded grant proposals, and an avoidance of groundbreaking research that utilizes plant hydraulic measurements. Most importantly, this workshop will allow the interpretation of future studies to not be mired in debate about methodology but instead be considered for their scientific value to the discipline. In addition to advancing scientific methodology, this workshop will train up to 5 postdoctoral researchers and 8 students (graduate and undergraduate) in the best practices for five frequently used methods to measure plant hydraulics thus improving future scientific outputs that involve plant hydraulic measurements. Additionally, this workshop will allow for collaboration of researchers who come from many diverse backgrounds, including at least 9 women and individuals from five different countries. Plant hydraulics, the study of how plants move and manage water, has become an invaluable realm of science that has been invoked to address critical questions across spatial scales and biological disciplines. Particularly, advances in methodologies that allow scientists to efficiently derive hydraulic vulnerability curves in the laboratory have greatly advanced our understanding of plant functioning. Despite these methodological advances, several recent publications (e.g. Choat et al. 2010, Cochard et al. 2013, Jansen et al. 2015) have suggested that some of the most commonly used measurement methods give varying results, and thus the discipline is currently challenged with reconciling these differences. Due to these conflicting reports about methodologies, the scientific community is at an opportunistic moment to advance past these challenges by addressing all current methodologies in a focused and inclusive study. This workshop will use five methods to develop vulnerability curves on species that span wood anatomy and include species that have previously shown varying results depending on the method used. This methodology will allow for resolution of the influence of anatomical differences on discrepancies across the four methods requiring excised plant material and link these results to imaging of live plants using high-resolution computed tomography (HRC. Specifically this workshop will develop hydraulic vulnerability curves using bench dehydration, air injection, static centrifuge, and acoustic emission coupled with HRCT imaging on intact plant samples of four species to come to a consensus about these discrepancies and best practices for future research methods.