COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: How do seedlings survive? Hydraulics, carbon acquisition and drought tolerance in the earliest phases of tree growth

树种分布可以随着时间的推移通过减少再生和随后的成人死亡率缩小，或者它们可以通过幼苗建立超过目前的分布边界而扩大。 因此，我们预测未来物种分布的能力的一个关键组成部分是了解幼苗建立的机制，这需要幼苗生理学的基础知识。 从根到叶的水分通道对于维持叶的水分状态和允许气孔保持开放至关重要，从而通过光合作用捕获碳。 然而，植物中的水分运输容易受到干燥诱导的变化的影响，包括维管组织栓塞（即气泡形成）。 本研究的总体目标是了解负责预防树苗液压故障（即灾难性栓塞）的机制，从而确保其生存和建立足够的光合作用。 将测量生长中的幼苗的存活、生长、生理和解剖，以评估干燥耐受性和干燥对光合作用的影响，并确定调节幼苗失水的结构何时发育。 这项研究的结果可以直接用于模拟预测植被对气候变化的反应，因为幼苗存活可能是物种分布的主要决定因素。 这些研究结果也将使关心干旱对某些物种的生产力和分布的潜在影响的决策者和土地管理者感兴趣。 树木和木本作物育种者也会对它们感兴趣，他们关心的是确定与特定环境中的生存和足够的生产力有关的性状。 此外，测量幼苗水力参数的想法和方法将引起植物科学界的兴趣，并可能为一个新的研究活动领域提供跳板。 该项目包括培训两名研究生、几名本科生和高中生。

Tree species distributions can shrink over time through reduced regeneration and subsequent adult mortality or they can expand via seedling establishment beyond current distribution boundaries. Therefore, a critical component of our ability to predict future species distributions is an understanding of the mechanisms of seedling establishment, which requires a fundamental knowledge of seedling physiology. The water pathway from the root to the leaf is critically important for maintaining leaf water status and allowing stomata to stay open, resulting in carbon capture through photosynthesis. However, water transport in the plant is vulnerable to desiccation-induced changes, including vascular tissue embolism (i.e. air bubble formation). The overall objective of this research is to understand the mechanisms responsible for prevention of hydraulic failure (i.e. catastrophic embolism) in tree seedlings, thereby ensuring adequate photosynthesis for their survival and establishment. Survival, growth, physiology and anatomy of growing seedlings will be measured to assess desiccation tolerance and the impacts of drying on photosynthesis, and to determine when structures that regulate seedling water loss develop. Results from this research can be directly used in modeled predictions of vegetation responses to climate change because seedling survival is likely a primary determinant of species distributions. These findings will also be of interest to policy makers and land managers who are interested in potential drought impacts on productivity and distributions of certain species. They will also be of interest to tree and woody crop breeders concerned with identifying traits associated with survival and adequate productivity in given environments. In addition, the ideas and methodology of measuring young seedling hydraulic parameters will be of interest to the plant science community and could provide a springboard for a new area of research activity. The project includes training of two graduate students, several undergraduate students and high school students.