Scholars Award: A History of Hunger: Agricultural Science, State, and Modernization

在整个二十世纪，外部专门知识和内部农业实践之间的关系一直在演变，这是因为利用科学来提高粮食生产和减轻“饥饿”的驱动力。这个项目将研究政策制定者和州政府官员对饥饿问题的具体框架。它将解释饥饿的观点和战略如何影响美国人在殖民和后殖民印度实现农业现代化的努力。该项目侧重于统计措施、专门知识以及精英和下属的经验，将突出专门为生产目的量身定做科学知识和忽视分配问题的努力。该项目将说明生产战略与分销战略之间的争论如何影响了对美国技术的挪用。它将从政治、社会和生态领域解决科学现代化问题。它还将提供一个机会来探索不同利益相关者愿景的汇聚和分离？技术进步及其对技术使用和实践的影响。现代印度历史学家继续探索二十世纪农业发展停滞不前的原因和原因。现有的奖学金典型地依赖于两个核心假设。一方面是现代化理论的核心信念，即消除具体的障碍和障碍将导致一个自我延续的现代化进程，使人民群众的福祉变得明显。另一方面，南亚史学中的后殖民学术继续引起人们对底层生活和意识的顽固不化的关注，这种顽固可以说与资本主义发展的逻辑不可同日而语。学者们强调了专家制度在农业中的作用，质疑专家和国家的无限权力。在这方面，该项目探讨了殖民时刻和美国时刻在建立农业专家网格方面的影响。该书认为，技术官僚现代化的议程是由具有不同政治目标和社会议程的团体参与的，并将这种参与过程与农村不平等问题联系起来。它在探索美国和印度的两组记录时说明了这种互动。一方面，它关注美国长老会传教士、第四点技术和社会科学专家，以及美国在印度的公共土地赠与大学的农业教师的工作。另一方面，探讨了印度民族主义者和民族邦为振兴农业和农村社区所做的努力。

Relations between external expertise and internal agricultural practices have been evolving throughout the twentieth century because of the drive to use science for enhancing food production and mitigating "hunger.? This project will study the particular framing of the problem of hunger by policy makers and state officials. It will explain how views and strategies of hunger impacted the effort toward modernization of agriculture in colonial and postcolonial India by Americans. Focusing on statist measures, expertise, and the experience of elites and subalterns this project will highlight efforts that tailored scientific knowledge specifically to the ends of production and neglected questions of distribution. The project will illustrate how the debate between production versus distribution strategies shaped the appropriation of American technologies. It will address scientific modernization from the domain of the political, the social, and the ecological. It will also provide an occasion to explore the convergences and disjunctures of differing stakeholders visions? of progress and the impact on technology use and practice. Historians of modern India have continued to explore the hows and whys of the arrested course of agricultural development in the twentieth-century. The existing scholarship characteristically relies on two core assumptions. On the one hand is the central belief of modernization theory that removal of concrete obstacles and impediments would lead to a self-perpetuating course of modernization becoming evident in the well-being of the masses. On the other hand, postcolonial scholarship in South Asian historiography continues to draw attention to the intransigence of subaltern life and consciousness that is arguably incommensurable with the logic of capitalist development. Scholars have highlighted the role of expert regime in agriculture to question the boundless power of experts and the state. In that regard this project explores the impact of the colonial moment and the American moment in the building of an expert grid in agriculture. The book argues that the agenda of technocratic modernization was engaged by groups with diverse political aims and social agenda, and connects that process of engagement with questions of rural inequality. It illustrates this interaction while exploring two sets of records in the United States and India. On the one hand, it focusses on the work by American Presbyterian missionaries, Point Four technical and social scientific experts, and the agriculture faculty from American public land grant universities in India. On the other hand, it explores the efforts launched by nationalists and the national state in India for reviving agriculture and rural community.