Psychological processes of the bystander effect in dangerous and non-dangerous helping situations

经典的旁观者效应反映了在紧急情况下，当更多的旁观者出现而不是更多的旁观者出现时，个人帮助的可能性降低(Latané&Nida，1981)。先前关于公民勇气行为决定因素的研究结果引出了三个尚未被经验性旁观者研究解决的问题：(1)在非危险帮助情景(低成本情景)下经典旁观者效应的潜在心理过程是什么？(2)在危险帮助情景(高成本情景)中经典旁观者效应潜在的心理过程是什么？特别是对于危险的紧急情况，最近的研究表明，旁观者效应以一种减少甚至逆转的方式发生。最后，(3)旁观者效应是否也发生在危急情况下，在没有肉体受害者的情况下，因此不会出现“责备受害者”效应。为了回答这三个问题，我们提出了七个实验研究。

The classic bystander effect reflects a reduced probability of individual helping when more compared to less additional bystanders are present in an emergency situation (Latané & Nida, 1981). Results of the previous research program on determinants of civil courage behavior lead to three further questons that are not yet resolved by empirical bystander research.(1) What are the underlying psychological processes of the classic bystander effect in non-dangerous helping situations (low cost situations)?(2) What are the underlying psychological processes of the classic bystander effect in dangerous helping situations (high cost situations)? Especially with regard to dangerous emergencies recent studies revealed that the bystander effect occurs in a reduced or even reversed manner. And, finally,(3) Does the bystander effect also occur in critical situations where no physical victim is present, and thus no "blame the victim" effect can occur. We propose seven experimental studies in order to answer these three questions.