RAPID: Environmental Fate and Transport of Naled for the Control of Zika

2016年8月，在佛罗里达州迈阿密-戴德县发现了美国大陆第一例蚊媒寨卡病毒传播。已经加大了消灭蚊子媒介的努力；然而，其中一些努力，包括喷洒杀虫剂，受到当地社区的怀疑，原因是关于杀虫剂的命运及其对生态和人类健康的影响的知识有限和信息不一致。因此，人们越来越关注杀虫剂喷洒，特别是在迈阿密喷洒杀虫剂对人类健康和生态的影响。反对使用nidal的人强调，nidal对蜜蜂和鸟类的健康和生态系统有负面影响，2012年被欧盟禁止使用。那些建议继续使用Naled的人引用的研究表明，按照规范（超低体积）使用Naled是安全的。该项目的目标是通过进行实验室控制的实验，并在空中喷洒活动期间进行全面的机会性监测，来了解Naled的环境命运。具体而言，本研究将评估土壤和水对Naled及其副产品敌敌畏持久性的影响，两者都具有杀虫特性。实验室研究将辅以在即将到来的夏季喷洒Naled前后进行的抽样，以确定沿海潮间带内可能积聚的区域。PI的团队将评估环境杀虫剂的持久性；具体来说，他们将评估沉积物特性对Naled和敌敌畏命运的影响，并评估潮间带是否作为杀虫剂积累的储存库。现有的文献对自然环境中Naled和降解副产物的命运知之甚少。此外，关于环境基质，特别是沉积物对Naled持久性的影响的数据很少。该项目将评估Naled作为一种典型的有机磷杀虫剂，这是目前消灭寨卡病毒幼虫的首选杀虫剂。他们假设Naled在环境中的持久性因环境介质而异，例如，在沙滩上的持久性比有机含量较高的土壤短。他们进一步假设，沿海地区空中喷洒的Naled将在潮间带积聚，从而可能暴露在近岸地区。本研究结果可用于量化Naled在不同土壤条件下的衰变速率。这些衰减率将根据在全面喷雾活动中收集的测量值进行验证。结果可以纳入模拟Naled在环境中的持久性的命运和运输模型。迈阿密-戴德社区将受益于将从该项目获得的知识转化为迈阿密-戴德县蚊虫控制司的蚊虫控制决策，以及迈阿密-戴德卫生局对人类健康风险的评估。

1709939Solo-GabrieleThe first transmission of the mosquito-borne Zika virus in the continental U.S. was discovered August 2016 in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Efforts have been mounted to eradicate the mosquito vectors; however, some of these efforts, including insecticide sprays, have been viewed with skepticism by local communities due to limited knowledge and inconsistent information concerning the fate of the insecticide and the subsequent ecological and human health impacts. Thus, there are growing concerns about the human health and ecological impacts of insecticide spraying, especially Naled spraying in Miami. Those against Naled's use emphasize that Naled has negative health and ecosystem impacts impacting honeybees and birds and was banned by the European Union in 2012. Those proposing continued use of Naled cite studies that suggest it is safe to use according to specifications (in ultra-low volume). The objective of this project is to develop an understanding of the environmental fate of Naled by conducting laboratory-controlled experiments supplemented by full-scale opportunistic monitoring during aerial spray activities.Specifically, this study will evaluate the impact of soil and water on the persistence of Naled and its by-product, Dichlorvos, both of which have insecticidal properties. The laboratory study will be supplemented with sampling conducted before and after the spray of Naled in the coming summer season, to identify potential areas of accumulation within the coastal intertidal zone. The PI's team will evaluate the persistence of environmental insecticides; specifically, they will evaluate the impacts of sediment properties on the fate of Naled and Dichlorvos and assess whether the intertidal zone serves as a reservoir of insecticide accumulation. The existing literature sheds little light on the fate of Naled and degradation by-products in natural settings. Moreover, scant data are available on the impacts of environmental matrices, especially sediments, on the persistence of Naled. The PI will evaluate Naled as a model organophosphate insecticide which is currently the insecticide of choice for Zika larvae eradication. They hypothesize that the persistence of Naled in the environment varies across environmental media, e.g., shorter persistence in beach sands than the soils with higher organic content. They further hypothesize that Naled from the aerial sprays in coastal areas will accumulate in the intertidal zone, allowing for potential exposures nearshore. Results from this study can be used to quantify decay rates for Naled under different soil conditions. These decay rates will be validated against measurements collected during full-scale spray activities. Results can be incorporated into fate and transport models that simulate Naled persistence in the environment. The Miami-Dade community will benefit from the translation of the knowledge gained from this project to mosquito control decisions by Miami-Dade County's Mosquito Control Division, and from assessments of human health risks by the Miami-Dade Department of Health.