Autonomous and Lagrangian Platforms and Sensors: A Scientific and Technical Review

观测海洋学涉及对全球湍流流体进行取样。相关的长度尺度从海洋盆地的大小到湍流消散发生的毫米。感兴趣的时间尺度小到几十年或几百年的气候波动。一种相对较新的方法来解决这种广泛规模的采样挑战是使用自主平台，这里定义为与船舶或海底无关。自主和拉格朗日平台和传感器（ALPS）的趋势已经明显了一段时间。由于认识到这一点，2003年首次举办了由国家科学基金会赞助的高级法律和政策讲习班，现在是重新审查其调查结果的时候了。在2003年，Argo阵列只有900个浮标，而现在的阵列超过3500个。水下滑翔机正在研制中，但还没有真实的科学研究。螺旋桨驱动的AUV开始取得成果。会上讨论了一系列生物地球化学传感器，大多数是作为可能性，尽管有一些来自浮子的结果。ALPS报告中的许多预测都被证明是准确的，使用自主平台解决研究问题的科学家数量显着增加。ALPS-II会议将于2017年2月21日至24日在斯克里普斯海洋研究所举行。ALPS-II的成果将与海洋科学界广泛分享。为实现这一目标，会议将尽可能开放，但现场与会者人数有限。将通过一个网站提供所有会议材料，包括最后报告。全体会议将在互联网上播出。重要的是，将鼓励所有讲习班参与者在其贡献中考虑更广泛社区的利益。预计会议的建议将包括使更多科学家能够获得ALPS技术的方法。如果会议取得圆满成功，其结果将促进整个海洋界在研究和作业方面广泛采用ALPS，第二次ALPS科学和技术审查的首要目标是：（1）调查过去13年的进展情况;（2）评估未来前景。会议将通过一个快速增长的领域的一系列切片来审查ALPS企业。将讨论各种平台（漂流器、浮子、滑翔器、自主水下航行器、自主水面航行器、无人驾驶飞行器）的历史和潜力。各类传感器，包括物理，地球化学，光学，声学等，将审查与特别注意它们在自主平台上的使用。将讨论适用于ALPS技术的科学问题，包括全球和区域问题、高纬度、海洋酸化和气候变化。ALPS在海洋预报中的价值将是一个令人感兴趣的议题，包括自适应采样和控制方法。将讨论管理和运营ALPS资产的模式，目的是使更多的科学家可以使用这些技术。这份简短的议题清单既不是详尽无遗的，也不是规定性的，因为与会者将有自由指导会议。

Observational oceanography involves the sampling of a global turbulent fluid. Relevant length scales range from the size of ocean basins down to the millimeters where turbulent dissipation occurs. Time scales of interest are as small as seconds to climate fluctuations of decades or centuries. A relatively new approach to address the challenges of sampling this broad range of scale is to use autonomous platforms, defined here as being unconnected either to a ship or the seafloor. The trends in autonomous and Lagrangian platforms and sensors (ALPS) have been apparent for some time. This recognition led to the initial NSF-sponsored ALPS workshop in 2003 and it is timely to revisit its findings. In 2003, the Argo array had only 900 floats on its way to the current array of more than 3500. Underwater gliders were being developed, but no real science had been done with them yet. Propeller-driven AUVs were beginning to deliver results. A wide range of biogeochemical sensors was discussed at the meeting, mostly as possibilities, although there were some results from floats. Many of the predictions in the ALPS report have proven to be accurate, with a marked increase in the number of scientists using autonomous platforms to address research problems. The ALPS-II meeting will take place at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, during 21-24 February 2017.The outcome of ALPS-II will be broadly shared with the ocean scientific community. In pursuit of this objective, the meeting will be as open as possible subject to the limited number of on-site participants. A website will make publically available all meeting materials, including the final report. The plenary sessions will be broadcast on the internet. Importantly, all workshop participants will be encouraged to consider the interests of the broader community in their contributions. Meeting recommendations are expected to include means to make ALPS technologies accessible to more scientists. If fully successful, the results of the meeting will be a catalyst towards the adoption of ALPS widely throughout the ocean community, both for research and operations.This second ALPS science and technology review has the overarching goals (1) to survey progress in the past 13 years, and (2) to assess future prospects. The meeting will examine the ALPS enterprise through a sequence of slices through a rapidly growing field. The history and potential of the various platforms (drifters, floats, gliders, autonomous underwater vehicles, autonomous surface vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles) will be addressed. The various classes of sensors including physical, biogeochemical, optical, acoustic, etc. will be reviewed with special attention to their use on autonomous platforms. The scientific problems amenable to ALPS technologies will be discussed including global and regional issues, high latitudes, ocean acidification, and climate variability. The value of ALPS in ocean forecasting will be a topic of interest, including approaches for adaptive sampling and control. Models for managing and operating ALPS assets will be discussed, with the goal of making the technologies available to more scientists. This brief list of topics is neither exhaustive nor prescriptive, as meeting participants will have latitude to guide the meeting.