Does unemployment lead to psychological scars? Long-term effects of unemployment on mental health.

虽然有许多关于失业对心理健康的直接影响的研究，但只有少数研究仔细审查了以前失业时期对心理健康的心理长期影响（所谓的伤疤效应）。由于大部分工人在其一生中至少会经历一次失业，因此了解这种长期影响非常重要，以便全面了解失业对公共卫生系统构成的威胁。因此，本提案中制定的研究项目有以下目标：(1)澄清以前失业的个人是否可以证明对心理健康的长期负面影响。(2)对失业强度比失业持续时间更能预测长期影响的假设的检验，后者是在现有研究中通常用作预测因素的变量。失业强度将以每周工作时数1（负编码）、首选工作时数减去每周实际工作时数的差值以及求职强度来衡量。(3)确定导致负面长期影响的失业的具体特征。就业和就业地位不一致的潜在功能在这方面尤为重要。(4)阐明失业可能产生的长期影响的过程。人们找到新工作后会直接产生“蜜月效应”吗？如果有，持续多久？(5)更详细地描述以失业长期影响为特征的精神病理综合症。尤其是抑郁和痛苦在这里是相关的。(6)调节测试，以确定遭受异常强烈的长期影响的人的亚组。在这方面，年龄和职业方向特别重要。为了回答这些问题，我们计划进行荟萃分析，并继续进行一项由德意志研究基金资助的纵向研究。1大量失业人员从事某种无关紧要的工作或兼职工作；根据德国社会立法（SGB III），每周工作14小时是合法的。

While there exists a lot of research concerning the direct consequences of unemployment on mental health, only few studies have scrutinized the psychological long-term effects (so-called scarring effects) of previous periods of unemployment on mental health. Since a large proportion of all workers will experience at least one period of unemployment during their lifetime, knowledge about this kind of long-term effects is highly important in order to attain a comprehensive picture of the threat that unemployment poses to public health systems. Therefore, the research project developed in this proposal has the following goals: (1) A clarification of the question whether negative long-term effects on mental health can be demonstrated for formerly unemployed individuals. (2) A test of the assumption that the intensity of unemployment is a better predictor of long-term effects than the duration of unemployment, the latter being the variable that was typically used as predictor in extant studies. Intensity of unemployment will be measured as hours worked per week1 (negatively coded), as difference of preferred minus actual hours worked per week, and as intensity of job search. (3) The identification of specific characteristics of unemployment that lead to negative long-term effects. The latent functions of employment and employment status incongruence are particularly important in this regard. (4) A clarification of the course of possible of long-term effects of unemployment. Is there a 'honeymoon-effect' directly after people find new jobs? If so, how long does it last? (5) A more detailed description of the psychopathological syndrome that characterizes long term effects of unemployment. Particularly depression and embitterment are relevant here. (6) Moderator tests, in order to identify subgroups of people who suffer from unusually strong longterm effects. Age and career orientations are particularly important in this regard. In order to answer these questions, we plan to conduct meta-analyses and to continue a longitudinal study that was funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. 1 A large number of unemployed individuals are active in some kind of insignificant or part time job; Working up to 14 hours per week is legal according to German social legislation (SGB III).