Incorporation and Culture Change as the Result of Culture Contact

科罗拉多博尔德大学的斯科特·奥特曼博士将进行一项研究，重新构建西班牙人接触对普韦布洛印第安人社区的影响。最近对新墨西哥州西班牙人接触的最初一个世纪的研究往往集中在人口减少、抵抗和复兴上。西班牙殖民带来的困难是真实的，但当代普韦布洛传统也融合了西班牙定居者引入的思想和做法。这表明，通过对这一合并过程的研究，可以对哥伦比亚人的遭遇有更深的了解。奥特曼博士将与联邦承认的印度部落Pojoaque的普韦布洛人合作进行考古、人种学和语言研究，以确定为什么某些西班牙文化元素被纳入普韦布洛传统，而另一些则没有被纳入普韦布洛传统，记录下引进的驯养动物对普韦布洛定居点和土地使用的影响，并确定西班牙语引入对物质生活水平的影响程度，即普韦布洛人今天所说的“丰富”。研究活动将让当代普韦布洛社区成员和科罗拉多大学的学生参与这一过程的所有阶段，从实地记录到展览设计再到最终出版物。这部作品将记录和洞察一种独特的美国人的生活方式。现有的关于哥伦比亚遭遇的文献证据高度偏向于西班牙殖民者的观点和看法，对这些来源的依赖导致了当代社会对这一时期的不平衡看法。这项研究通过从西班牙人接触之前、期间和之后居住的普韦布洛聚居地收集新的考古数据，并通过分析普韦布洛语言中西班牙语介绍的词语来解决这种不平衡问题。这一结果将支持对哥伦布遭遇期间当地经历的更现实的理解。该项目将使“本土”和“传统”的概念产生问题，以形成一种西班牙接触的观点，不强调历史断裂，而强调贯穿整个历史的主导跨文化互动的社会进程。它还将通过扩大区域考古数据集的年代范围来模糊新墨西哥州前西班牙裔和历史考古学之间的界限，并将提供第一个关于伴随西班牙语接触而来的普韦布洛语言变化的全面研究。

Dr. Scott Ortman of the University of Colorado Boulder will conduct research that re-frames the effects of Spanish contact on Pueblo Indian communities. Recent studies of the initial century of Spanish contact in New Mexico have tended to focus on population decline, resistance and revitalization. The hardships brought on by Spanish colonization were real, but contemporary Pueblo tradition also incorporates ideas and practices that were introduced by Spanish settlers. This suggests a deeper understanding of the Columbian encounter can be obtained through study of this incorporation process. Dr. Ortman will conduct archaeological, ethnographic, and linguistic research in collaboration with the Pueblo of Pojoaque, a federally-recognized Indian tribe, to determine why certain elements of Spanish culture were incorporated into Pueblo tradition while others were not, to document the effects of introduced domesticates for Pueblo settlement and land-use, and to determine the extent to which Spanish introductions affected material standards of living, or what Pueblo people refer to today as "abundance." The research activities will involve contemporary Pueblo community members and University of Colorado students in all stages of the process, from field recording to exhibit design to final publications. The work will document and provide insight into a unique American way of life.Existing documentary evidence concerning the Columbian encounter is highly biased toward the perspectives and perceptions of Spanish colonizers, and reliance on these sources has led to an imbalanced view of this period in contemporary society. This research addresses the imbalance by collecting new archaeological data from Pueblo settlements inhabited before, during, and after Spanish contact, and by analyzing words for Spanish introductions in Pueblo languages. The results will support a more realistic understanding of native experience during the Columbian encounter. The project will problematize the concepts of "native" and "tradition" in developing a view of Spanish contact that de-emphasizes historical rupture and emphasizes social processes that have governed cross-cultural interaction throughout history. It will also blur the boundary between Pre-Hispanic and Historical archaeology in New Mexico by extending the chronological scope of regional archaeological datasets, and it will provide the first comprehensive study of changes in Pueblo languages that accompanied Spanish contact.