Doctoral Dissertation Research: Muslim Pan-ethnic Identity and Political Engagement across European Countries

目前的估计认为，1990年至2040年间，欧洲穆斯林人口的比例预计将翻一番。不断增加的移民给成功融入下一代欧洲穆斯林带来了挑战。欧洲的穆斯林移民代表了文化、种族和种族的多样性；然而，政府政策和公共话语往往将穆斯林视为一个单一的群体。这个项目调查了欧洲移民的穆斯林后裔在青春期共同群体身份的出现，并考虑了这种共同群体身份如何反过来用于成年后的政治参与和融入。调查结果将增进对宗教在民主社会中的地位的理解，这些社会正在适应迅速的人口变化和日益增加的宗教多样性。具体地说，这个项目审查宗教作为身份的来源，作为社会分裂的潜在因素，以及作为将边缘少数群体纳入主流民主进程的机制。这项研究将提供对宗教作为社会关系的基础和伊斯兰教在欧洲社会中的地位的见解。研究结果还将对正在经历穆斯林人口增长的国家的学校官员、社会工作者和政策制定者产生影响。理论家认为边界？定义为对他人的感知？在欧洲都是以宗教为基础的。然而，没有研究考察过国家如何划定边界，以及它们对宗教身份突出、宗教歧视和政治参与的影响。研究人员将欧洲的穆斯林身份认定为一种种族化的泛民族身份：一种强加的分类，将来自不同背景的个人统一起来。具体而言，本项目研究了接纳的背景（国家合并政策和本地多数人的地区态度）如何塑造穆斯林泛民族认同的三个方面：1)其在青春期独立于民族起源和个人宗教信仰的发展，2)其在宗教歧视的共同经历中的根源，以及3)其在成年期通过泛民族组织参与政治的潜力。为了研究跨这三个领域的泛民族认同，本项目采用潜在生长曲线分析对穆斯林青少年进行建模。德国、荷兰、英国和瑞典的九年级和十一年级之间的身份显著性，以及分析穆斯林的多层次模型？19个欧洲国家的宗教和政治结合。这项研究使用了最近在四个欧洲国家进行的移民子女纵向研究，19个欧洲国家的欧洲社会调查，以及国家层面的移民政策数据。

Current estimates hold that the Muslim share of the population in Europe is expected to double between 1990 and 2040. Rising immigration poses challenges for the successful incorporation of the next generation of European Muslims. Muslim immigrants to Europe represent a diversity of cultures, ethnicities and races; yet government policies and public discourse often treat Muslims as a monolithic group. This project investigates the emergence of a shared group identity in adolescence for Muslim descendants of immigrants in Europe, and it considers how this shared group identity, can, in turn, be used for political engagement and incorporation in adulthood. Findings will enhance understanding of the place of religion in democratic societies that are adapting to rapid demographic change and increasing religious diversity. Specifically, this project examines religion as a source of identity, as a potential for social cleavage, and as a mechanism for the incorporation of marginalized minority groups into the mainstream democratic process. This research will provide insights into religion as a basis for social relations and the place of Islam in European societies. Results will also have implications for school officials, social workers and policy makers in countries experiencing an increase in the Muslim population. Theorists argue that boundaries?defined as perceptions of otherness?in Europe are based on religion. However, no research has examined how boundaries are created by states and their implications for religious identity salience, perceived religious discrimination, and political participation. The researchers posit Muslim identity in Europe as a racialized pan-ethnic identity: an imposed categorization which unifies individuals from diverse backgrounds. Specifically, this project investigates how the context of reception (national incorporation policies and regional attitudes from the native majority) shapes three facets of Muslim pan-ethnic identity: 1) its development in adolescence independently from national origins and personal religiosity, 2) its roots in shared experiences of religious discrimination, and 3) its potential for political engagement in adulthood through pan-ethnic organizations. In order to study pan-ethnic identity across these three domains, this project uses latent growth curve analysis for modeling Muslim adolescents? identity salience between ninth and eleventh grade in Germany, the Netherlands, England and Sweden, and multilevel modeling for analyzing Muslims? religious and political incorporation in nineteen European countries. The research uses the recently available Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study in four European Countries, the European Social Survey of nineteen European countries, and data on country-level immigration policy.