Doctoral Dissertation Research: Collective Security and Jurisdictional Conflicts

这项研究对理解国际组织与国家政府之间的关系具有启示意义。 在这里学到的关于人们将权力下放给天主教会的条件的教训可以帮助我们理解人们愿意将权力下放给联合国或北约的条件。 新教改革是欧洲历史上最具变革性的事件之一。它结束了天主教会在意识形态上的垄断，最终导致了政教分离。宗教改革传统上被认为始于1517年由马丁·路德发起的神学争论，并以1648年的威斯特伐利亚和约结束。这项研究断言，在重要的方面，宗教改革开始之前路德的95个提纲，并在十八世纪结束。特别是，它考虑了教皇权威在欧洲国家的两个主要表现形式-任命主教和向主教征税-并试图解释为什么某些国家比其他国家赢得了更高程度的独立性，以及他们何时这样做。世俗统治者与教皇分享主权，以换取参与军事联盟对抗共同的非天主教威胁。随着时间的推移，这种联盟对南欧和中欧国家的价值越来越大，而北方国家则成为净贡献者，这是新教最初在北方扎根的一个主要原因（或有人认为是这样）。为了验证这一命题，该项目收集了一个新的数据库，其中包括教皇财政办公室（Camera Apostolica）的税收收据。天主教会在前现代欧洲的政治和经济发展中发挥了关键作用。最近的文献已经阐明了新教改革（1517年）对政治、市场和社会的多重一阶后果。目前尚不清楚的是，为什么教会的权力在某些地区（斯堪的纳维亚）比在其他地区（中欧）下降得更快。调查者认为，只要有集体安全的要求，教会的世俗影响就持续存在，这种要求在中欧和南欧相对更强烈。一个有效而持久的天主教国家反对“入侵者”（特别是土耳其人）的联盟需要将部分法律的和财政权力下放给一个共同的非领土管辖权，即教会。这些权力在地方上由主教行使，他们限制统治者对国内和国际事务的自由裁量权，而教皇的收藏家则将“精神收入”从天主教国家转移到教廷。研究者利用中世纪晚期和近代早期教皇在时间和空间上征收的税款的变化来解释世俗化是外部军事威胁的一个功能。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估而被认为值得支持。

This study has implications for understanding the relationship between international organizations and national governments. The lessons learned here about the conditions under which people delegated power to the Catholic Church could inform our understanding of the conditions under which people are willing to delegate power to the UN or NATO. The Protestant Reformation was one of the European history's most transformative events. It ended the ideological monopoly of the Catholic Church and eventually led to the separation of church and state. The Reformation is conventionally thought to have begun with the theological dispute initiated by Martin Luther in 1517 and to have ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. This research asserts that, in important ways, the Reformation began well before Luther's 95 Theses and ended only in the eighteenth century. Specifically, it considers two major manifestations of papal authority in European states - appointments of bishops and collection of taxes from prelates - and seeks to explain why certain states won a higher degree of independence from the Holy See than others, and when they did so. Secular rulers shared sovereignty with the papacy in exchange for participation in military alliances against common non-Catholic threats. Over time, the value of such alliances grew larger to Southern and Central European states, whereas Northern European states became net contributors, which is one major reason (or so is being argued) that Protestantism initially took root in the North. To test this proposition, the project assembles a new database of tax receipts of the papal financial office, the Camera Apostolica.The Catholic Church was a pivotal actor in the political and economic development of pre-modern Europe. The recent literature has illuminated the manifold first-order consequences that the Protestant Reformation (1517) had for politics, markets, and society. What remains unclear is why the Church's power declined more quickly in some regions (Scandinavia) than in others (Central Europe). The investigator argues that the temporal influence of the Church persisted insofar as there was demand for collective security, and that this demand was relatively stronger in Central and Southern Europe. An effective and enduring alliance of Catholic states against the "infidels" (the Turks in particular) required partial delegation of legal and fiscal authority to a common non-territorial jurisdiction, namely the Church. These powers were exercised locally by bishops, who limited rulers' discretionary power over domestic and international affairs, and papal collectors, who transferred "spiritual revenues" from Catholic states to the Curia. The investigator uses the variation in the amount of taxes collected by the papacy in the late Middle Ages and early modern period across time and space to explain secularization as a function of external military threat.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.