IOS RAPID: Does adaptation to urbanization promote resilience during a natural disaster? A test of brown anole (Anolis sagrei) behavior and stress after Hurricane Irma.

复原力是个体科普压力挑战并从所述挑战的任何不利影响中成功恢复的能力。这些挑战遇到了生理反应，涉及应激激素分泌到血液中，并在大脑中积累，导致适应性行为的表达，如战斗或逃跑。在日常生活中经常暴露于压力的个体预计在行为和生理上恢复得更快，例如，它们更有弹性。科学家最近记录到，与农村地区相比，奥兰多城市的变色蜥蜴的压力反应有所减轻，这可能是为了科普城市化的挑战，这可能会增加它们对压力事件的适应力。飓风“厄玛”提供了一个前所未有的机会，通过比较城市和农村人口如何看待，应对和从这场自然灾害中恢复来测试这一“城市复原力”假设。利用飓风登陆前收集的数据，这项工作将调查压力激素及其在大脑中的积累，以及城市和农村蜥蜴种群从飓风影响中恢复时与压力相关的行为。了解这种背景下的复原力对于关心自然灾害如何影响野生动物并可能促进非本土动物入侵的保护管理者来说很有价值，例如1992年安德鲁飓风之后著名的南佛罗里达蟒蛇入侵，这种入侵通常是从城市开始的。开始。从概念上讲，这项研究还可以告知低弹性如何使个体容易受到极端压力的长期影响，例如创伤后应激障碍。 这项工作将使本科生参与数据收集和分析，并为在国家和国际会议上介绍调查结果提供机会。技术摘要持久的自然灾害需要复原力，即成功科普极端挑战的不利影响并从中恢复的能力。弹性突出的是成功管理压力反应的能力，这是一种在大脑中启动的激素级联反应，最终涉及肾上腺分泌糖皮质激素。糖皮质激素改变代谢和行为，以允许在应激期间存活，并且这种反应的频繁激活可以减弱其分泌，以避免可能对神经功能产生负面影响的过度积累的代价。初步数据显示，城市人口的入侵棕色变色龙（Anolis sagrei）有一个衰减的压力反应相比，农村的城市蜥蜴可能表现出更大的弹性。当飓风厄玛登陆时，出现了一个前所未有的机会来测试这种“城市弹性”假设。这项研究将提供本科生机会进行循环和神经糖皮质激素水平和压力相关的行为在城市和农村蜥蜴种群采样之前和之后立即飓风厄玛确定所需的时间返回到“基线”条件登陆前的研究。在这种背景下理解恢复力可以让保护管理人员了解飓风如何促进外来物种的意外入侵，例如1992年安德鲁飓风后缅甸蟒蛇的入侵。这种入侵通常始于城市，潜在的入侵者必须同时科普城市和灾难相关的压力源，但这种相互作用从未被探索过。这项研究的数据可用于告知那些对极端压力抵抗力低的疾病，如创伤后应激障碍。

Non-technical AbstractResilience is the capacity for individuals to cope with stressful challenges and recover successfully from any adverse effects of said challenges. Such challenges are met with a physiological response that involves the secretion of stress hormones into the blood and their accumulation in the brain resulting in the expression of adaptive behaviors, such as fight or flight. Individuals frequently exposed to stress in day-to-day life are predicted to recover more rapidly both behaviorally and physiologically, e.g., they are more resilient. Scientists have recently documented that anole lizards in urban Orlando have a lessened stress response when compared to rural counterparts, possibly as a means to cope with the challenges of urbanization, which could increase their resilience to stressful events. Hurricane Irma provides an unprecedented opportunity to test this "urban resilience" hypothesis by comparing how urban and rural populations perceived, responded and recovered from this natural disaster. Using data collected prior to hurricane landfall, this work will investigate stress hormones and their accumulation in the brain, and stress-related behaviors in both urban and rural lizard populations as they recover from the hurricane's impact. Understanding resilience in this context is valuable to conservation managers concerned about how natural disasters impact wildlife and potentially facilitate non-native animal invasions, such as the famed South Florida python invasion following Hurricane Andrew in 1992, which typically begin in cities. Conceptually this study can also inform how low resilience leaves individuals susceptible to the prolonged effects of extreme stress, such as occurs with post-traumatic stress disorder. This work will involve undergraduate students in data collection and analysis and provide opportunities for presentation of findings at national and international conferences. Technical AbstractEnduring natural disasters requires resilience, the ability to successfully cope with and recover from the adverse effects of extreme challenges. Prominent in resilience is the ability to successfully manage the stress response, a hormonal cascade initiating in the brain and ultimately involving the secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland. Glucocorticoids alter metabolism and behavior to permit survival during stress and frequent activation of this response can attenuate their secretion to avoid the cost of excessive accumulation which could negatively impact neural function. Preliminary data show urban populations of the invasive brown anole (Anolis sagrei) have an attenuated stress response compared to rural ones suggesting urban lizards may exhibit greater resilience. An unprecedented opportunity to test this "urban resilience" hypothesis occurred when Hurricane Irma made landfall. This research will provide undergraduate student opportunities to conduct research on circulating and neural glucocorticoid levels and stress-related behaviors in urban and rural lizard populations sampled immediately before and after Hurricane Irma to determine the time taken to return to "baseline" conditions prior to landfall. Understanding resilience in this context informs conservation managers interested in how hurricanes can promote accidental invasions of exotic species, such as happened with Burmese pythons after Hurricane Andrew in 1992. Such invasions usually start in cities, where potential invaders must simultaneously cope with both city and disaster associated stressors, yet this interaction has never been explored. Data from this study can be used to inform disorders characterized by low resistance to extreme stress, such as post-traumatic stress disorder.