(De-)Europeanization and History: Concepts, Conflicts, Cohesion since 1890

欧洲化是一个复杂的、动态的、最终不为人所知的过程。特别是在历史研究中，仍然缺乏彻底的概念处理。在现有的英德机构合作的基础上，这一拟议中的科学网络旨在发展和阐述（去）欧洲化的历史概念，作为反映欧洲化作为一种历史现象的复杂性，矛盾和摩擦的启发式和分析工具。我们的方法沿着四个轴心：民族化/现代化、美国化/西方化、全球化/非殖民化和欧洲一体化。我们并不打算取代，而是补充和完善这些相互竞争的参考框架，以便为“漫长的二十世纪”中塑造欧洲历史的进程提供一个更好的分析框架。通过关注转移和交换、模仿和划界的发展，（去）欧洲化的概念超越了国家和比较历史。在现有的欧洲化概念的基础上，它将提高历史学家分析现代欧洲的连续性和变化，融合和划界的能力。我们的（去）欧洲化概念具有以下优点：·它强调过程，而不是结果; ·它允许改变·它侧重于社会实践与社会和政治身份的相互关系;·它平衡了历史发展的多样性和分裂性、矛盾性和不连续性与聚合和整合的动态;·它使欧洲化（去欧洲化）进程的强度在区域和时间上的变化变得明显; ·它使现有的欧洲化概念摆脱了看似不可避免的目的论暗流。该网络的研究将覆盖非洲大陆的大部分地区，同时，它将有意跨越政治、社会、经济或文化历史的界限，并鼓励跨学科合作。因此，我们希望在人文学科中培养一种新的合作文化，并将各种国家的方法论传统和经验方法联合收割机结合起来，以克服仍然盛行于历史研究领域的“方法论民族主义”。

Europeanization is a complex, dynamic, and ultimately little understood process. In historical studies especially, a thorough conceptual treatment is still lacking. Building on an existing Anglo-German institutional co-operation this proposed scientific network aims at developing and elaborating a historical concept of (de-)Europeanization as a heuristic and analytical tool reflecting the complexities, contradictions and frictions of Europeanization as a historical phenomenon. Our approach is centred along four axes: Nationalization / Modernization, Americanization / Westernization, Globalization / Decolonization and European Integration. We do not intend to replace, but to supplement and complete these competing frames of reference in order to provide a better analytical framework for processes which shaped European history during the "long twentieth century". By focusing on developments of transfer and exchange, emulation and delimitation, the concept of (de-)Europeanization moves beyond national and comparative history. Building on existing notions of Europeanization, it will advance historians' ability to analyse continuity and change, convergence and delimitation in modern Europe. Our concept of (de-)Europeanization is distinguished by the following advantages: • it puts the emphasis on processes, not on results; • it allows for the shifting boundaries of (the notion of) Europe; • it focuses on the interrelation of social practices with social and political identities; • it balances the variety and fragmentation, the contradictions and discontinuities of historical developments with the dynamic of convergence and integration; • it makes visible regional and chronological variations of the intensity of (de-)Europeanizing processes; • it frees existing concepts of Europeanization from seemingly inescapable teleological undercurrents. The network's research will cover most of the continent At the same time, it will deliberately transgress the borders between political, social, economic or cultural history and will encourage interdisciplinary co-operation. Thus, we hope to foster a new culture of co-operation in the humanities and to combine various national methodological traditions and empirical approaches to overcome the "methodological nationalism" still prevalent in the realm of historical research.