Integrated Power Grid and Microgrids with Massively Distributed Intelligent Sensors

摘要提高电网的可靠性是国家面临的关键挑战之一。为了迎接这一挑战，我们相信，这里提出的智能传感器和分析仪先进技术可以开始将我们的电网及其附属微电网转变为下一代智能电网。它还可以提高我们的电力和能源的可持续性和在严重恶劣天气条件下的可持续性。它有可能在创建智能电网和微电网方面开始一场新的革命，将今天的微芯片技术扩展到一个专门用于电力和能源竞技场的紧凑设备中的集成多传感和信息处理。将开发与电网和微电网模型集成的先进传感器模型，以实现可大规模部署的智能传感器和分析器（本文提出）的真正潜力。该项目还将促进这一关键技术领域的教学、培训和学习。具体而言，该项目的传感器，工艺流程和专业微芯片设计活动将被导入到本科毕业设计项目中。该项目还将使几门研究生课程受益匪浅，包括关于智能电网的新课程，以及关于微机电系统II和片上系统的现有课程。通过专门的网站和科学出版物与电力和能源行业、政府和学术界分享这些进展。如上所述，该项目的目标是提高广域电网及其附属微电网的可靠性和恢复能力，从而减少停电及其级联效应。我们的解决方案是将新型智能传感器与分布式处理工具相结合，从输配电两个层面对“电网及其附属微网”进行真实的实时监测和控制。与目前缺乏真实的时间智能基础设施来在大规模分布式基础上监视和控制电网相关联的问题已经导致了许多停电和其他严重的低效率。我们的传感器/分析仪将为保护继电器提供准确的信息，实现智能孤岛，通过这种方式，负荷建模可以基于准确的测量数据而不是估计数据，用于减载计划。独特的传感器架构，制造和信号处理问题将通过先进的异构传感器系统芯片来解决。如前所述，将包括微电网，其中重点是孤岛和恢复、传感器、关键变量（频率、相位和幅度-必要时也包括谐波）的估计、缺陷和容错，从而提高可靠性。微电网包括可再生能源等。基于芯片上系统的传感器可以为这些源提供有效的、自我修复的实时监测和控制。简而言之，主要目标如下：（1）多传感器（包括微机电系统）设计、制造和测试，（2）智能：模拟和数字部分设计、制造和测试（用于“电网和微电网”），（3）电网和微电网目标：故障检测、孤岛化、有功&无功功率估计、理论模型&模拟，（4）最终异构片上系统设计、制造和测试;该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

AbstractImproving the reliability of the electric power grid is one of the critical challenges facing the nation. To meet this challenge, we believe that the Intelligent Sensors and Analyzers advanced technology proposed here can begin to transform our power grid and its affiliated microgrids to a Next-Generation-Smart-Grid. It could also enhance our power and energy sustainability and restorability in severely adverse weather conditions. It has the potential of starting a new revolution in creating intelligent Power Grid and Microgrids by extending todays microchip technology to integrated multi-sensing and information processing in a single compact device -- specialized for Power and Energy arena. Advanced sensor models integrated with Power Grid and Microgrids models will be developed for achieving the true potential of the intelligent sensors and analyzers (proposed herein) that would be deployable on a massive scale. The project will also promote teaching, training and learning in this key technology area. Specifically, the sensors, process-flow, and specialized microchip design activity of the project will be imported into the undergraduate senior-design projects. The project will also significantly benefit several graduate courses including a new course on Smart Power Grids, and existing courses on Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems II, and System on a Chip. The advances will be shared with the power and energy industry, government, and academia through a dedicated web site and, of course, through scientific publications.As stated above, the goal of this project is to improve the reliability and restoration capability of wide area Power Grid as well as its affiliated Microgrids thereby reducing power outages and their cascade effects. Our solution is to embed novel intelligent sensors with distributed processing tools to provide real time monitoring and control of "Power Grid as well as its affiliated Microgrids" from transmission and distribution levels. The problems associated with the present lack of a real time intelligent infrastructure to monitor and control Power Grids -- on a massively distributed basis, have resulted in numerous blackouts and other serious inefficiencies. Our sensors/analyzers will provide accurate information to protective relays, enable intelligent islanding, a means by which the modeling of loads can be based upon accurate measured data rather than estimated data, for load shedding plans. The unique sensor architecture, fabrication, and signal processing issues will be addressed through an advanced Heterogeneous Sensor System on a Chip. As just stated, included will be Microgrids, in which the focus will be on islanding and restoration, sensors, estimation of key variables (frequency, phase and amplitude -- for harmonics as well when desired), defect and fault tolerance, thereby reliability improvement. Microgrids incorporate renewable energy sources, among others. System on a Chip based sensors can provide effective, real-time monitoring and control that is self-healing, for such sources. In short, the main objectives are the following: (1) Multi-Sensor (including Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems) design, fab, and test, (2) Intelligence: analog and digital sections design, fab, test (for "Power Grid and Microgrids"), (3) Power Grid and Microgrids objectives: Fault detection, islanding, active & reactive power estimation, theoretical models & simulations, (4) Final Heterogeneous System on a Chip design, fabrication, tests; Also, tests in our Smart Grid Lab.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.