3D Parton Structure of the Nucleon

这项研究的目的是推进对强子内部结构的理解，强子包括质子、中子和其他用夸克和胶子描述的亚原子粒子。现代核物理研究的中心目标之一是对质子和原子核的内部结构进行三维成像。为了实现这一目标，研究人员和他的学生将进行理论和唯象项目，旨在揭示质子，中子和原子核的夸克和胶子的三维结构。这项研究将推进必要的理论工具的发展，以了解在托马斯杰斐逊国家实验室，布鲁克海文国家实验室和其他设施的准备在世界各地的实验。研究计划的更广泛的影响包括研究生的培训和为本科生提供研究机会，并包括从K-12到大学水平的各种层次的推广活动。公开讲座将告知公众在核和粒子物理学的最新研究，物理学家从中学到什么，以及社会将如何从中受益。理论工具来描述强子的内部结构的夸克和胶子，量子色动力学的自由度，提供了部分子分布函数，可以在高能散射实验中访问。为了解决三维成像的两个理论方法进行了探讨：横向动量相关分布（TMD），和广义部分子分布（GPD）。这些互补的方法提供了强有力的工具，以访问迄今尚未探索的方面的核子结构，包括自旋轨道相关的部分子和映射的强大的力量施加在核子内部的部分子。理论研究将解决极化夸克海中的味不对称性，价夸克和海夸克的TMD，GPD和能量动量张量的研究，以及核子部分子结构的手征对称性破缺效应的探索。这项研究的应用包括映射强作用力的核子内，和描述奇异的四夸克和五夸克强子最近在大型强子对撞机和其他实验观察到的状态。这项研究将支持杰斐逊、布鲁克海文和费米国家实验室的实验计划，并为美国核物理界设想的下一代研究设施--电子-离子对撞机的规划做出贡献。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The objective of this research is to advance the understanding of the internal structure of hadrons, which include protons, neutrons, and other subatomic particles described in terms of quarks and gluons. One of the central goals of modern nuclear physics research concerns the 3-dimensional imaging of the internal structure of the proton and atomic nuclei. To achieve the objective the investigator and his students will conduct theoretical and phenomenological projects which aim at revealing the 3-dimensional structure of protons, neutrons, and atomic nuclei in terms of quarks and gluons. This research will advance the development of the theory tools necessary to understand experiments which are in preparation at the Thomas Jefferson National Laboratory, the Brookhaven National Laboratory, and other facilities world-wide. The broader impacts of the research program include training of graduate students and offering research opportunities for undergraduate students, and include outreach activities at a wide variety of levels from K-12 to college level. Public lectures will be given to inform the population of the latest research in nuclear and particle physics, what physicists learn from that, and how the society will benefit from it.The theoretical tools to describe the internal structure of hadrons in terms of quarks and gluons, the degrees of freedom of quantum chromodynamics, are provided by parton distribution functions which can be accessed in high energy scattering experiments. In order to address 3-dimensional imaging two theoretical approaches are explored: transverse momentum dependent distributions (TMDs), and generalized parton distributions (GPDs). These complementary approaches provide powerful tools to access so far unexplored aspects of the nucleon structure, including spin-orbit correlations of partons and the mapping of strong forces exerted on partons inside the nucleon. The theoretical research will address the flavor asymmetry in the polarized quark sea, TMDs of valence and sea quarks, GPDs and studies of the energy-momentum tensor, and the exploration of chiral symmetry breaking effects for the partonic structure of the nucleon. The applications of this research include mapping of strong forces inside the nucleon, and the description of exotic tetra- and pentaquark hadronic states recently observed at LHC and other experiments. This research will support experimental programs at Jefferson, Brookhaven, and Fermi National Labs, and contribute to the planning of the Electron-Ion Collider, the next generation research facility envisioned by the U.S. nuclear physics community.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.