Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Independent Adaptation Of Subsistence Technologies

由韦德·坎贝尔先生（哈佛大学）执导的早期纳瓦霍田园景观项目（ENPLP）考察了西班牙殖民时期美国西南部的土著社区如何通过谈判引进外来动物物种和新的经济实践。虽然以前的考古研究已经在被征服的土著人口的背景下探索了这一现象，但很少有人考虑到“殖民时期”游牧传统的独立发展如何刺激了未被征服的土著群体的社会变革。在17世纪和18世纪的新墨西哥州，纳瓦霍边境社区非强迫地收养羊，以及随后持续至今的强烈的牧养生活方式的演变，成为西南地区独特的社会文化发展。ENPLP将研究早期纳瓦霍人在不受西班牙霸权影响的情况下，如何成功地与旧大陆的驯化者及其随之而来的社会和景观影响进行谈判的机制。这项工作将使研究人员能够研究纳瓦霍社会对西南地区四个多世纪的欧美殖民主义反应的复杂性，并为正在进行的保护和维持传统纳瓦霍文化的努力提供重要的长期视角。这样的工作对美国西南部以外的研究人员探索一系列人类学主题，包括畜牧、殖民主义和土著身份政治，具有重要的潜在意义。ENPLP将研究早期畜牧业对新墨西哥州西北部dinsamutah地区早期纳瓦霍社区的社会组织和定居模式的殖民影响。作为西南地区已知最古老的纳瓦霍定居中心，dinsamutah是总督时期（约公元1626-1775年）纳瓦霍社会一系列社会文化变迁的中心，包括人口增长、堡垒建设和从该地区的迁移。尽管先前的研究人员认为这些变化与公元1600年左右西班牙殖民统治后纳瓦霍人放牧活动的兴起有关，但这种关系仍然知之甚少。ENPLP将采用一项涉及土著和非土著考古学家的三阶段合作研究计划来解决这些问题。在第一阶段，参与者对纳瓦霍民族现代放牧实践的观察将被用来确定早期纳瓦霍牧民土地使用的解释性类比。第二阶段将以民族考古学为基础，创建一个早期纳瓦霍牧区位置和土地使用的地理空间模型。第三阶段将采用密集的地点测绘和地质考古测试，通过确定dinacimtah地区附近与畜栏有关的粪便沉积物来区分潜在的纳瓦霍牧区。这些数据将与以前的文化资源管理项目的档案数据相结合，以确定总督阶段纳瓦霍牧区的空间和物质相关性。这些信息将共同用于评估din<s:1>塔赫省总督阶段纳瓦霍群体采用的放牧策略的范围、强度和类型，以及基于获得牲畜的社会分化的证据。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Directed by Mr. Wade Campbell (Harvard University), the Early Navajo Pastoral Landscape Project (ENPLP) examines how indigenous communities in the American Southwest negotiated the introduction of foreign animal species and new economic practices during the Spanish colonial period. While previous archaeological studies have explored this phenomenon in the context of subjugated Native populations, few have considered how the independent development of "pericolonial" pastoral traditions spurred societal changes among unconquered indigenous groups. The non-coerced adoption of sheep by Navajo frontier communities in 17th and 18th century New Mexico and the subsequent evolution of an intensely pastoral lifeway that continues to this day stand out as unique sociocultural developments in the Southwest. The ENPLP will investigate the mechanisms by which early Navajos successfully negotiated the entry of Old World domesticates and their attendant social and landscape impacts while remaining free from Spanish hegemony. This work will allow the researchers to examine the complexity of Navajo societal responses to more than four centuries of Euro-American colonialism in the Southwest, as well as contribute an important long-term perspective to ongoing efforts to preserve and sustain traditional Navajo culture. Such work has the potential to prove significant for researchers outside the American Southwest exploring an array of anthropological topics including pastoralism, colonialism, and indigenous identity politics.The ENPLP will examine the pericolonial impacts of incipient pastoralism on the social organization and settlement patterns of early Navajo communities in the Dinétah region of northwest New Mexico. The oldest known center of Navajo settlement in the Southwest, Dinétah was the center of a number of sociocultural shifts in Navajo society during the Gobernador Phase (c. AD 1626-1775), including population growth, fortress construction, and migration away from the region. Although previous researchers have suggested these changes are related to the rise of Navajo sheepherding practices following Spanish colonization circa AD 1600, this relationship remains poorly understood. The ENPLP will employ a collaborative three-phase research program involving both Native and non-Native archaeologists to address these questions. In Phase One, the participant-observation of modern sheepherding practices on the Navajo Nation will be used to identify interpretive analogs for early Navajo pastoral land use. Phase Two will build on the ethnoarchaeology to create a geospatial model for early Navajo pastoral site location and land use. Phase Three will employ intensive site mapping and geoarchaeological testing to distinguish potential Navajo pastoral sites by identifying nearby corral-related dung deposits in the Dinétah region. These data will be combined with archival data from previous Cultural Resource Management projects in order to determine the spatial and material correlates of Gobernador Phase Navajo pastoral sites. Together this information will be used to assess the extent, intensity, and type of herding strategies employed by Gobernador Phase Navajo groups in Dinétah, as well as evidence for social differentiation based on access to livestock.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.