Collaborative Research: Radiatively Driven Convection in a deep freshwater lake

由于淡水的反常行为，低于3.98 C具有负的热膨胀系数，当中高纬度淡水湖的表面在春季被加热时，就会发生对流。这意味着，在无风、晴朗的日子里，短波辐射可以驱动对流。在上级湖，作为不相关的实地工作的一部分，在过去几年的观察，提供了一个机会，开始探索这个对流过程的动力学从一些不同的平台，包括停泊和滑翔机为基础的观测。观测结果显示，水的包裹在表面被加热，并在几个小时内被输送到底部（O（200米）），并建议对流烟囱的水平尺度很短（O（10米）），为观测和模型提供了真实的挑战。本计画将结合联合收割机观测、数值模拟与分析工作，以决定与了解不稳定过程的空间与时间尺度。中高纬度地区的湖泊一年中有很大一部分时间处于这种状态，在此期间，这些动力学将主导环流和混合。从基本流体动力学的角度来看，这一现象提供了一个机会，研究浮力驱动的对流在没有其他强迫机制，如表面波和风驱动的电流，在最重要的例子海洋对流。这一过程可能对初级生产力产生重大影响，因为跨越水柱的强对流将使初级生产者无法保持其在透光层的位置。此外，水的包裹正在从湖面输送到底部的时间尺度小时，并可能有重大影响湖泊沉积物地球化学。将在所涉三个机构中的每一个机构支助一名研究生。一个交互式的一维混合模型将被开发用于课堂使用，类似于已经开发的工具之一的PI。这项工作将促进湖沼学家和海洋学家之间的合作。实地工作的核心将包括一个“水平系泊”，配备有快速整流器和能够测量垂直速度的ADCP，以及一个辅助系泊来测量表面热通量。将在无风和有风条件下进行滑翔机断面和速度微观结构调查。建模将包括使用直接数值模拟和大涡模拟的参数空间的探索。将使用分析方法来约束参数空间。与已被充分研究的瑞利-贝纳德对流不同，该过程是通过将可用势能直接注入到流体中来驱动的。研究人员不仅打算研究湍流现象的特性，而且还打算从不稳定性问题的新视角来研究它。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Due to the anomalous behavior of fresh water, which below 3.98C has a negative thermal expansion coefficient, convection occurs when the surface of a mid- to high latitude freshwater lake is heated in the spring. This implies that convection can be driven by shortwave radiation in the absence of wind on calm, sunny days. Observations over the last several years in Lake Superior, made as part of unrelated fieldwork, have provided an opportunity to start to explore the dynamics of this convective process from a number of different platforms, including moored and glider-based observations. Observations show parcels of water being warmed at the surface and transported to the bottom (O(200m)) on the order of hours, and suggest short (O(10m)) horizontal scales for convective chimneys, providing real challenges for observations and models alike. This project will combine observations, numerical modeling, and analytical work to determine and understand the spatial and temporal scales of the instability process. Lakes at mid-to high latitudes can spend a significant portion of the year in this state, during which these dynamics will dominate circulation and mixing. From a fundamental fluid dynamics perspective, this phenomenon provides an opportunity to study buoyancy-driven convection in the absence of other forcing mechanisms such as surface waves and wind-driven currents, in contrast to most significant examples of oceanic convection. This process may have significant impacts on primary productivity, since the strong convection, spanning the water column, will make it impossible for primary producers to maintain their position in the euphotic zone. In addition, parcels of water are being transported from the surface of the lake to the bottom on timescales of hours, and may have significant impacts to lake sediment biogeochemistry. A graduate student will be supported at each of the three institutions involved. An interactive one dimensional mixing model will be developed for classroom use, similar to tools already developed by one of the PIs. This work will foster collaboration between limnologists and oceanographers.The centerpiece of the field work will consist of a "horizontal mooring" equipped with fast thermistors as well as ADCPs capable of measuring vertical velocities, and an auxiliary mooring to measure surface heat fluxes. Glider transects and velocity microstructure surveys will be taken during both calm and windy conditions. Modeling will consist of an exploration of parameter space using direct numerical simulation and large eddy simulations. Analytical methods will be used to constrain the parameter space. Unlike well-studied Rayleigh-Benard convection, the process is driven by injection of Available Potential Energy directly into the bulk of the fluid. The researchers intend to study not just the turbulent properties of the phenomenon, as in most of the existing literature, but also approach it from the novel perspective of an instability problem.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.