Workshop: RoL: FELS Integrating Critical Phenomena and Multi-Scale Selection in Virus Evolution; November, 2018; Santa Fe, New Mexico

病毒感染（或寄生）地球上的每一种生物。在大多数情况下，病毒与宿主和平共处，但有些病毒产生疾病。来自不同学科的研究人员在生物组织的特定水平上研究病毒。最初，病毒表达自己的基因，并绑架细胞机制来生产自己的蛋白质。随后，病毒可在宿主人群中传播和扩散，并最终传播到各种生态系统。这次会议将汇集病毒学家、生态学家、流行病学家和理论家，共同努力发展一种可预测的、多层次的病毒进化理论。与会者将讨论最新的下一代测序技术，以及如何利用这些技术来表征病毒在这些选择水平上的变化。更好地了解病毒的变化将有助于预测病毒种群的行为，包括开发管理传染病的新方法，从而促进国家健康和福利。讲习班产品可能对培养病毒学、传染病生态学和进化以及流行病学方面的高级本科生、硕士或博士研究生有价值。最近出现的微流体技术与高通量，下一代测序（NGS）相结合，可以表征生物组织各个层面的选择动力学。从病毒复制和宿主反应的角度来看，单细胞感染动力学使我们有可能获得病毒在组织内细胞间传播的进化动力学的精确图像。NGS允许在整个个体宿主水平上表征病毒种群和传播链的动态（例如，最近对基孔肯雅热、埃博拉和寨卡疫情的反应）。最后，NGS允许人们通过元病毒组学和元转录组学来探索整个生态系统的病毒组。为了利用这些方法上的进步，需要有一个完整的理论把这些选择的层次联系起来。了解跨生物层次的基本动态可以进一步预测更高层次的病毒种群行为。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Viruses infest (or parasitize) every organism on Earth. In most cases, viruses peacefully co-exist with their hosts, but some viruses produce disease. Researchers from different disciplines study viruses at specific levels of biological organization. Initially, a virus expresses its genes and kidnaps the cellular machinery to produce its own proteins. Subsequently, the virus can be transmitted and spread in the host populations and, ultimately, to diverse ecosystems. This conference will bring together virologists, ecologists, epidemiologists and theoreticians working to develop a predictive, multi-level theory of virus evolution. The participants will discuss the latest next-generation sequencing technologies and how they can be used to characterize virus changes across these levels of selection. A better understanding of virus changes will allow predictions of viral population behaviors, including the development of new approaches to manage infectious diseases and thus, advance national health and welfare. The workshop products may be of value for training advanced undergraduates, Masters or PhD students in virology, ecology and evolution of infectious diseases, and epidemiology.The recent advent of microfluidic techniques coupled with high-throughput, next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows for the characterization of selection dynamics across all levels of biological organization. Single-cell infection dynamics, both in terms of virus replication and host responses makes it possible to get a precise picture of the evolutionary dynamics of a virus spreading among cells within tissues. NGS allows for characterization dynamics of viral populations and chains of transmission at the entire individual host level (e.g., recent responses to Chikungunya, Ebola and Zika outbreaks). Finally, NGS allows one to explore the virome of entire ecosystems through metaviromics and metatranscriptomics. To make use of these methodological advances, there is a need for a complete theory linking these levels of selection. Understanding basic dynamics across levels of biological hierarchy may further allow prediction of viral population behaviors at higher levels.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.