Refuge and Belonging: Transformations of Refugee Protection in the Federal Republic of Germany

德国是主要的庇护国之一，也是工业化国家中难民人数最多的国家之一。即使在目前的移民辩论中也很少讨论，联邦共和国一直以各种理由欢迎强迫移民。它是流离失所的德国人、政治寻求庇护者、来自世界各地的重新安置的难民以及逃离战争或其他绝望局势的被迫移民的避难所。然而，获得保护一直是高度选择性的。在德意志联邦共和国获得庇护的理由在政治上受到质疑，从公民-政治模式转变为文化-民族模式，然后又反过来。本研究项目考察了德意志联邦共和国的避难历史和关于难民的政治辩论的转变。它在主题和应用概念方面具有开创性，借鉴了政治归属和记忆理论，不仅对难民的历史和理论，而且对接收国的政治文化有了新的认识。该项目的前提是作为主权属于非国民的延伸的避难概念。保护的价值是根据在公民或文化方面属于联邦共和国政治机构的政治上有争议的概念给予的。因此，在这个项目中，对德国战后历史上六个难民保护关键时刻的政治辩论进行了仔细研究，其中一些是第一次：1949年《基本法》中的政治庇护制度化；1968-69年接收捷克斯洛伐克寻求庇护者；1975- 1982年印度支那难民安置中从公民观念到文化观念的转变；1992- 1993年的庇护法改革及其之前关于国家归属的辩论；1999-2000年接收来自科索沃的强迫移民；以及2003年及以后建立的欧洲难民体系中公民观念的回归。印刷媒体、议会辩论和联邦政府内阁的讨论都是分析的对象。从方法论上讲，关于避难的政治声明阐明了将被迫移民与德国政体联系起来的归属的历史轨迹。为了在那些关于难民和避难的政治争论中引出归属感的概念，我们特别关注记忆的使用，以及德国归属感和寻求保护的人之间的关系是如何在其中构建的。该项目的调查结果将以文章和专著的形式发表，介绍德意志联邦共和国第一部全面的难民历史。由于这项研究将在牛津大学难民研究中心进行，它将在全球被迫移民研究的前沿背景下进行，不仅有助于对德国政治文化及其移民历史的新认识，而且有助于对避难和庇护的国际研究的新方法。

Germany is one of the main countries of asylum and host to the largest population of refugees in the industrial world. While little discussed even in current immigration debates, the Federal Republic has always welcomed forced migrants on various grounds. It has been refuge to displaced ethnic-Germans, to political asylum seekers, to resettled refugees from around the globe and to forced migrants who escaped war or other situations of despair. However, access to protection has always been highly selective. Rationales upon which refuge in the Federal Republic of Germany has been granted have been politically contested and altered from civic-political to cultural-national models and back. This research project examines the history of refuge in the Federal Republic of Germany and the transformation of political debates about refugees. It is pioneering in its topic and its applied concepts, drawing on theories of political belonging and memory, shedding new light not only on the history and theory of refuge but on the receiving country's political culture.The project is premised on a concept of refuge as an extension of sovereign belonging to non-nationals. The merit of protection is granted on the basis of politically contested notions of belonging to the federal republic's political body in either civic or cultural terms. Thus, in this project political debates at six pivotal moments of refugee protection in Germany's post-war history are closely examined, some for the first time: the institutionalisation of political asylum in the Basic Law 1949; the intake of Czechoslovakian asylum seekers in 1968-69; the turn from civic to cultural perceptions in the resettlement of Indo-Chinese refugees 1975-82; the asylum law reform 1992-93 and its preceding debate about national belonging; the reception of forced migrants from Kosovo 1999-2000; and the return to civic notions in the establishment of a European Refugee System 2003 and onwards. Print media, parliamentary debates and discussions in the federal government's cabinet are subject to analysis. Methodologically, political statements about refuge illuminate a historical trajectory of belonging that links forced migrants to the German polity. In order to draw out notions of belonging in those political arguments about refugees and refuge, particular attention is given to the use of memories and how relationships between German belonging and those seeking protection are constructed therein.The findings of this project will be published in articles and as a monograph, presenting the first comprehensive history of refuge in the Federal Republic of Germany. As the research will be conducted at the Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford it will be set at and in the context of the forefront of global Forced Migration Studies and contribute not only to a new perception of German political culture and its immigration past but to a novel approach to the international study of refuge and asylum.