RAPID: Collaborative: Geodetic and Seismic Observations of Volcanic Unrest at Sierra Negra volcano, Galapagos Islands

对火山动荡和火山喷发的地震和大地测量观测不仅使人们更好地了解岩浆储存、岩浆库破坏、岩浆向地球表面输送的基本过程，而且还提供了识别前兆信号的机会，这些信号可以更好地预测火山喷发。加拉帕戈斯群岛上的塞拉内格拉火山是世界上最大、最活跃的玄武岩盾状火山之一，目前正处于新的动荡时期。这个项目通过收集关键的观察结果来更好地理解这个系统和其他系统，从而应对这种动荡。这项工作的更广泛的影响包括更好地了解与火山和附近发生的地震有关的危害。该项目是一个大型大地测量机构与迈阿密大学和宾夕法尼亚州立大学的研究人员之间的合作成果。此外，这项工作将与厄瓜多尔基多地理研究所（IG）合作完成。该RAPID响应了Sierra Negra的通货膨胀活动。该项目将(1)升级现有的大地测量网络，(2)使用无人机对活地门断层系统进行摄影测量调查，(3)在火山口内进行定时重力观测（初步调查于2018年2月完成），以及(4)扩大网络以更好地捕捉膨胀活动。将要解决的问题包括侵入是如何开始的，活板门断层是如何工作的以及与岩浆膨胀的关系，以及岩浆的挥发性成分是什么。该项目提供了大地测量观测，补充了爱丁堡、IG和杜兰大学的合作者的临时地震网络。多种地球物理数据集的结合将以前所未有的细节模拟火山喷发的形成和过程。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Seismic and geodetic observations of volcanic unrest and of erupting volcanoes not only lead to a better understanding of the fundamental processes of magma storage, magma reservoir failure, magma transport towards the Earth's surface, but also provide opportunities to identify precursory signals that could serve to better forecast eruptions. Sierra Negra volcano in the Galapagos islands, one of the world's largest and most active basaltic shield volcanoes is in a new episode of unrest. This project responds to this unrest by collecting critical observations to understand this and other systems better. The Broader Impacts of this work include better understanding of hazards associated with volcanoes and the earthquakes that happen near them. The project is a collaborative effort between a large geodetic facility, and researchers at the University of Miami and Pennsylvania State University. In addition, the work will be done in collaboration with Instituto Geofisico (IG), Quito, Ecuador.This RAPID responds to the inflation activity at Sierra Negra. The project will work (1) to upgrade the existing geodetic network, (2) to conduct a photogrammetric survey of the trapdoor fault system using a drone, (3) to conduct time-lapse gravimetric observations inside the caldera (an initial survey was done in February 2018), and (4) to expand the network to better capture inflation activities. Questions that will be addressed include how intrusions initiate, how does the trapdoor faulting work and relate to the magma inflation, and what is the volatile content of the magma. This project provides the geodetic observations complementing the temporary seismic network of collaborators at Edinburgh, IG and Tulane. The combination of multiple geophysical data sets will allow modeling the build-up to and the processes during an eruption in unprecedented detail.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.