Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Award: Integration at Edges of States

尽管严格界定的民族国家在现代世界中无处不在，但合作和冲突经常驱使社会政治共同体和经济机构跨越国界扩散。这种跨国主义已经定义了我们根本上的世界性、全球性的政治经济。为了更好地理解跨国主义的驱动力和社会政治动态，研究人员试图找出这些过程的根源。鉴于当今地缘政治格局的内在复杂性、紧密联系和全球规模，必须利用考古记录来追踪这些现象的深层史前起源。通过考古记录追踪到的史前例子为理解最初推动社区跨越边界的社会政治和环境机制提供了理想的长期案例研究。该项目寻求从秘鲁南部保存完好的考古遗址中提取的多种考古证据，那里构成了提瓦纳库文明(约公元500-1100)的西部边疆，是南美洲最早发展起来的国家级社会之一。在阿塔卡马沙漠的北部，极度干旱的条件造就了世界上保存最完好的考古沉积物之一，使该项目对史前人口的日常生活有了前所未有的看法。生活在提瓦纳库州边境的社区如何谈判他们在当地和区域网络中的角色，将有助于更好地理解个人和社区驱动的机构和谈判在当今社会政治格局中的过程和潜在结果。这个项目考察了古代提瓦纳库州，从殖民遭遇的角度调查早期全球化网络的发展。考古学具有不同的尺度和空间和社会关系，特别适合从国家政治和地方社区的不同角度研究复杂系统内的广泛历时模式。传统上，国家边界上的社区被认为是被剥夺公民权和被动的。除了这种统一的评估，这个项目考察了一个古老的边疆社区，它嵌入了安第斯山脉中南部(玻利维亚、秘鲁南部、智利北部)的提瓦纳库州产生的动态的地方和区域社会、经济和象征网络中。该项目的重点是Cerro San Antonio遗址(秘鲁南部的Locumba山谷)，该项目将利用考古学工具包中的一些最新方法，针对保存完好的三个独立的提瓦纳库边境定居点的遗迹。方法包括低空航空摄影和遥感进行大比例尺测绘，以及对家庭、社区和生活空间进行广域挖掘，以调查居住群体网络的连通性和复杂性。用这种网络办法处理这类定居点将提供一个强有力的框架，既能说明全球进程的地方来源，也能说明地方行动的全球影响。遵循复杂性和网络分析的传统，这个项目将展示边境社区参与的社会、经济和仪式网络在更广泛的区域和政治进程中的本地化，否则完全归因于提瓦纳库州。最终，这项研究将有助于理解不同的社区网络如何在初期的政治下整合(或不整合)，以及它们在国家产生和维持中的作用。这一奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Although rigidly bordered nation-states are ubiquitous in the modern world, both cooperation and conflict frequently drive sociopolitical communities and economic institutions to diffuse across borders. This transnationalism has come to define our fundamentally cosmopolitan, global political economy. In order to better understand the driving forces and sociopolitical dynamics of transnationalism the researchers seek to identify an origin for these processes. Given the inherently complex, densely connected and global scale of today's geopolitical landscape, tracing the deep prehistoric origins of these phenomena must be done using the archaeological record. Prehistoric examples traced through the archaeological record offer ideal long-term case studies for understanding the sociopolitical and environmental mechanisms that first propelled communities across borders. This project pursues multiple lines of archaeological evidence drawn from well-preserved archaeological sites located in southern Peru, which constituted the western frontier of the Tiwanaku civilization (ca. AD 500-1100), one of the earliest state-level societies to develop in South America. Here in the northern reaches of the Atacama Desert, hyper-arid conditions gave rise to one of the best-preserved archaeological deposits in the world, giving this project an unprecedented view into the daily lives of prehistoric populations. How communities living on the frontier of the Tiwanaku state negotiated their roles within local and regional networks will help to better understand processes and potential outcomes of personal as well as community driven agency and negotiation in today's sociopolitical landscape. This project examines the ancient Tiwanaku state to investigate the development of early globalized networks from the perspective of colonial encounters. With access to distinct scales and relationships, both spatial and social, archaeology is uniquely suited to examine broad diachronic patterns within complex systems from a variety of perspectives, from state polities and local communities. Communities on the frontiers of states have traditionally been considered disenfranchised and passive. Moving away from this uniform assessment, this project examines an ancient frontier community as embedded within dynamic local and regional social, economic, and symbolic networks generated by the Tiwanaku state in the south-central Andes (Bolivia, southern Peru, northern Chile). Focusing on the site of Cerro San Antonio (Locumba Valley, southern Peru), this project will target the well-preserved remains of three separate Tiwanaku frontier-settlements utilizing some of the newest methods in the archeological toolkit. Methods include low altitude aerial photography and remote sensing for large-scale mapping, and wide-area excavations of households, neighborhoods, and living spaces to investigate the connectivity and complexity of residential group networks. Treating such settlements with this network approach will provide a powerful framework for illustrating both the local source of global processes as well as the global implications of local action. Following in the tradition of complexity and network analysis, this project will demonstrate that the social, economic, and ritual networks engaged in by frontier communities were localized within broader regional, political processes otherwise attributed entirely to the Tiwanaku state. Ultimately, the research will contribute to understanding how diverse community networks can be integrated (or not) under incipient polities, and their role in the generation and maintenance of states.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.