SBP: School attendance zone boundaries and the connection to neighborhoods, segregation, and access to educational opportunity

学校是影响社交机会的关键场所。研究表明，种族多元化的学校有利于所有学生，特别是黑人和拉丁裔学生；它们还有利于社区和社会，因为改善的学校结果会在学生的一生中产生好处。尽管如此，即使在多样化的社区，学校隔离也在加剧。由于缺乏关于学区如何调整其学校之间的集水区的数据，这一点的原因被掩盖了。这些调整可以归因于人口和住房市场变化推动的对学校需求的变化，但也可以反映与法院监管结束以及择校政策的出现相关的变化，包括特许学校的兴起。这个项目将阐明推动学校继续隔离的机制，以及那些正在产生融合的机制，以指导各级政府的政策。由于种族隔离的多方面影响，了解居住分类和学校隔离之间的关系将促进国家的健康、繁荣和福利。鉴于上学区在塑造学生的结果和推动居住分类的住房市场方面发挥的作用，值得注意的是，关于学区在近几十年来何时、是否或如何改变入学区边界的信息很少。我们知道，学区经常调整出勤率界限，结果因学区人口、法律和政策特征而异。这种变化可能：(A)在郊区和异类地区更频繁地实行更高的教育隔离；(B)近几十年来，以前在法院监管下的地区，加强学校和住宅隔离之间的联系；(C)通过自愿融合政策，在地区促进较低的学校隔离。我们还知道，学校选择与居住地点和就学人数脱钩，尽管在不同种族群体之间存在不平等。为了评估这些机制的运作情况，该项目将开发一个新的数据来源--学校入学纵向边界(LSAB)，以记录1990年至2020年的边界和人口构成的变化。有关于出勤区边界的国家级数据，但这些数据提供了2010至2015年间的快照，几乎没有机会审查与人口和政策变化相对应的较长时期的变化。该项目将收集当前(2019-2020年)和历史(1990年和2000年)就学地区边界的数据，以便能够分析学区在过去30年中发生的变化。当结合人口统计数据和择校政策信息时，这些数据将是理解寄宿和学校分流过程之间联系的重大进步。解开这些人口、市场和政策变化之间的关系有助于形成社会学文献，通过居住分类、种族隔离、学校质量和社区影响的视角来审视不平等。这一奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Schools are a critical site affecting social opportunity. Research shows that ethno-racially diverse schools benefit all students, particularly black and Latino students; they also benefit communities and society as improved school outcomes generate benefits throughout a student's life. Nevertheless, school segregation is rising even in diversifying communities. The reasons for this are obscured by an absence of data on how school districts are adjusting the catchment areas among their schools. These adjustments can be attributed to changing demand for schools driven by demographic and housing market changes but can also reflect changes linked to the end of court supervision, and the advent of school choice policies, including the rise of charter schools. This project will illuminate the mechanisms driving continued school segregation and those that are producing integration to guide policy at all levels of government. Because of the multifaceted effects of segregation, understanding the relationship between residential sorting and school segregation will advance the health, prosperity and welfare of the nation.Given the role that school attendance zones play in shaping outcomes for students and the housing market that drives residential sorting, it is remarkable that little information exists on when, if, or how school districts have changed attendance zone boundaries in recent decades. We know that school districts frequently adjust attendance boundaries with outcomes that vary by district demographic, legal, and policy characteristics. Such changes are likely to (a) be more frequent, and produce higher educational segregation, in suburban and heterogeneous districts; (b) strengthen the link between school and residential segregation in recent decades for districts formerly under court supervision; and (c) promote lower school segregation in districts with voluntary integration policies. We also know that school choice has decoupled residential location and school attendance, albeit unequally across racial groups. To evaluate the operation of these mechanisms, this project will develop a new data source, the Longitudinal School Attendance Boundaries (LSABs), to capture boundary and population composition changes for 1990 to 2020. National-level data on attendance zone boundaries exists but these data offer a snapshot between 2010 and 2015 with little opportunity to examine change over a longer period of time corresponding with demographic and policy changes. This project will collect data on both current (2019-20) and historic (1990 and 2000) school attendance zone boundaries to permit analyses of how school districts have changed over the past thirty years. When combined with demographic data as well as information on school choice policies, these data will represent a significant advance for understanding the links between residential and school sorting processes. Unpacking the relationships among these demographic, market, and policy changes contributes to sociological literatures that examine inequality through the lens of residential sorting, racial segregation, school quality, and neighborhood effects.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.