Secondary Amine-Containing Organic Micropollutants as Precursors of Previously Uncharacterized N-Nitrosamines in Wastewater

淡水短缺是国家和全球面临的重大挑战。许多市政当局正在考虑将废水再利用作为增加供水的可行解决方案，以解决这一问题。对实施废水再利用的一个主要关切源于接触N-亚硝胺等废水衍生污染物所造成的潜在公共健康风险。尽管承认了这一点，但我们对这些化合物的形成和流行的了解仍然存在空白。该项目将通过调查作为废水中N-亚硝胺来源的前体的命运和反应性来解决这一差距。这项研究的成功完成将有利于自来水公司监测N-亚硝胺和评估高级处理技术的处理效率。监管机构也可能发现项目结果有助于评估N-亚硝胺的风险。该项目将为代表性不足的高中生和大学生提供宝贵的研究培训机会，以扩大机会并使全国STEM劳动力多样化。该推广计划将促进向科学利益相关者社区的直接知识转让，同时提高国家的科学素养。N-亚硝胺是计划和事实上重新利用城市污水的潜在公共卫生问题污染物。到目前为止，对N-亚硝胺的研究主要集中在N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)和其他一些脂肪族或环状物种上。关于未定性的N-亚硝胺物种的来源、身份、命运和风险的知识相对有限。本研究项目的总体目标是通过1)审查含二次胺药物和农药氯胺化过程中N-亚硝基衍生物的产量和形成机制；2)确定在大规模废水处理和再利用设施中作为未特化N-亚硝胺前体的含二次胺微污染物的相对重要性；以及3)评估光转化和生物转化过程对受废水影响的地表水中二次胺微污染物的影响。该方法将包括现场样品的高分辨率质谱学和化学发光分析以及小规模测试，以完成拟议的研究任务。一项推广和教育计划将寻求扩大未被充分代表的高中生和本科生对环境研究的参与；将研究方法和成果纳入锡拉丘兹大学的环境课程；向更广泛的科学界、利益攸关方传播研究成果，并向公众公布改进对废物中的N-亚硝胺及其前体的监测和缓解战略。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Freshwater scarcity is a major challenge both nationally and globally. Many municipalities are considering wastewater reuse as a viable solution to augmenting water supplies to address this issue. One major concern about implementing wastewater reuse stems from the potential public health risks caused by exposure to wastewater-derived pollutants such as N-nitrosamines. Despite this recognition, there remain gaps in our knowledge regarding the formation and prevalence of these compounds. This project will address this gap by investigating the fate and reactivity of precursors that serve as the source of N-nitrosamines in wastewater. Successful completion of this research will benefit water utilities in their ability to monitor N-nitrosamines and assess treatment efficiency of advanced treatment technologies. Regulatory agencies may also find project results useful to assess the risk of N-nitrosamines. This project will provide valuable research training opportunities for underrepresented high school and college students to broaden opportunity and diversify the Nation's STEM workforce. The outreach program will promote direct knowledge transfer to the scientific stakeholder communities, while improving the scientific literacy of the Nation.N-Nitrosamines are contaminants of potential public health concern for planned and de facto reuse of municipal wastewater effluent. To date, research on N-nitrosamines has focused primarily on N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and a few other aliphatic or cyclic species. Relatively limited knowledge exists regarding the sources, identities, fate, and risks of uncharacterized N-nitrosamine species. The overall goal of this research project is to address this knowledge gap by 1) examining the yields and formation mechanisms of N-nitroso derivatives upon chloramination of secondary amine-containing pharmaceuticals and pesticides; 2) establishing the relative importance of secondary amine-containing micropollutants as precursors of uncharacterized N-nitrosamines in full-scale wastewater treatment and reuse facilities; and 3) evaluating the impacts of photo- and biotransformation processes on secondary amine-containing micropollutants in wastewater-impacted surface waters. The approach will include both high resolution mass spectrometry and chemiluminescence assays of field samples and bench-scale testing to accomplish the proposed research tasks. An outreach and education plan will seek to broaden participation of underrepresented high school and undergraduate students in environmental research; incorporate research methodologies and outcomes into the environmental curriculum at Syracuse University; and disseminate research results to the broader scientific community, stakeholders, and lay public to improve monitoring and mitigation strategies for N-nitrosamines and their precursors in wastewater.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.