Why are corporate elites interconnected by cohesive networks in some countries, and not in others? Cross-national and transnational analysis of corporate elite networks in Latin America

企业精英通过网络相互联系，这是持有几个董事会职位（连锁董事）和持有几家公司股票（连锁所有权）的结果。对公司精英网络的研究主要集中在北美、欧洲，在较小程度上也集中在亚洲经济体。这些研究显示了不同国家的网络配置：例如，意大利和法国，以及分散的网络，例如，联合王国和日本。Windolf（2002）和本项目申请人（Cárdenas 2012 a）的研究表明，凝聚性和分散性网络是由不同的制度环境产生的，这与资本主义的多样性相对应。然而，这一假设似乎不适合拉丁美洲，因为制度背景（或资本主义）相似（菲利普斯，2004年;施耐德，2009年），但企业精英网络因国家而异，例如智利的凝聚网络和阿根廷的分散网络（Paredes 2011年; Salvaj和Lluch 2012年）。该项目将分析，比较和解释在拉丁美洲经济体和国际区域层面上由董事会和所有权联锁形成的企业精英网络，以理解为什么企业精英在某些国家通过凝聚力网络相互联系，而在其他国家则通过分散的网络相互联系。该项目将有助于理论辩论：企业精英凝聚力，政治和企业精英，经济组织（或各种资本主义）在拉丁美洲之间的联系，以及拉丁美洲跨国企业精英的出现。在方法层面，本项目将采用社会网络分析来研究网络配置，并采用模糊集定性比较分析和指数随机图模型来分析影响网络配置的因素。预计该项目将通过传播项目成果和分享收集的数据，培养学生和研究人员对拉丁美洲经济精英的兴趣。

Corporate elites are interconnected by networks, which are the result of holding several board positions (interlocking directorates) and holding stocks in several companies (interlocking ownership). Research on corporate elite networks has focused on North America, Europe and to a lesser extent on Asian economies. These studies have shown different network configurations across nations: cohesive networks in e.g., Italy and France, and dispersed networks in e.g., United Kingdom and Japan. Research carried out by Windolf (2002) and the applicant of this project (Cárdenas 2012a) showed that cohesive and dispersed networks are produced by different institutional contexts, which correspond to varieties of capitalism. However, this hypothesis seems not to fit in Latin America since institutional context (or capitalism) is similar (Phillips, 2004; Schneider, 2009), but corporate elite networks differ between countries, e.g. cohesive network in Chile and dispersed in Argentina (Paredes 2011; Salvaj and Lluch 2012). This project will analyze, compare and explain the corporate elite networks formed by board and ownership interlocks across Latin American economies and on an international-regional level in order to comprehend why corporate elites are interconnected by cohesive networks in some countries, and by dispersed networks in others. This project will contribute to theoretical debates on: corporate elite cohesion, ties between political and corporate elites, economic organization (or variety of capitalism) in Latin America, and the emergence of a transnational corporate elite in Latin America. At the methodological level, the project will employ social network analysis to examine network configuration, and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis and exponential random graph models to analyze the factors that influence network configuration. It is expected to foster the interest of students and researchers in Latin American economic elites by disseminating results of the project and sharing the collected data.