RAPID: COVID-19 Influences on Racial, Gender, and Social Class Disparities in Time Use and Well-Being

在美国，时间是所有人的主要资源。人们以不同的方式分配工作、家庭活动和休闲时间。多年来，社会科学家一直在追踪时间使用，以确定社会群体在时间使用方面的变化，并分析时间使用在历史上是如何变化的。我们听说，2019冠状病毒病大流行极大地改变了人们分配时间的方式，特别是考虑到学校关闭和在家工作的急剧增加，上下班通勤的减少。该项目将支持一项具有主观幸福感成分的具有全国代表性的紧急时间日记调查，以评估客观时间利用和对当前状况的主观反应。该项目将收集2020年8月至12月期间的时间使用数据，以了解当前时间使用中的种族、性别、地理位置和社会阶层差异如何导致COVID-19影响美国人的不同方式。数据收集将有助于了解与这些身份有关的个人和结构性不平等如何影响增加COVID-19暴露、感染和死亡风险的日常行为。这些数据将为有关大流行经验和主观反应的若干层面的社会政策提供信息，从而支持美国人民的健康和福祉。由于COVID-19大流行，时间利用发生了巨大变化，但除了轶事和一些汇总数据外，我们知之甚少。该项目将从18岁及以上的美国成年人口的代表性样本中收集COVID-19大流行期间的时间日记和健康数据。时间日记数据是收集关于日常生活和日常生活中许多活动的时间分配方式的公正、有效和可靠数据的黄金标准，并将包括全天受访者活动的抽样。时间日记将附有对所报告的每项活动的主观幸福感的积极和消极方面的评估。对幸福感的瞬时评估使研究人员能够分析时间使用决策对幸福感的影响，这对健康、生活质量和社会有效运作至关重要。该项目将在2020年8月至12月期间收集6250份时间日记，从而确保有足够的案例用于分组分析。所有数据将由盖洛普收集，样本将从具有全国代表性的盖洛普小组中抽取。数据收集将包括有色人种的超样本；抽样权重将确保最终数据集具有全国代表性。这些新数据与以前收集的类似时间使用数据相结合，将显示疫情造成的时间使用变化情况，并将有助于分析2020年下半年时间使用方面的社会差异。该项目将使用数据分析技术，包括使用OLS的多元回归模型、固定效应和随机效应。这些数据将成为分析时间序列、时间使用数据的重要基础，从而为有关工作和家庭的社会学理论提供信息，并对经济、家庭功能、教育和代际关系产生影响。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Time is major resource for all people in the United States. People allocate time to work, family activities and leisure in different amounts. For many years, social scientists have tracked time use to determine how social groups vary in time use, and analyze how time use has changed historically. We know anecdotally that the COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed how people allocate time, especially given school closures and sharp increases in working from home, with less commuting to work. This project will support an urgent nationally representative time diary survey with a subjective well-being component to assess both objective time use and subjective reactions to current conditions. The project will collect time use data between August and December 2020 to understand how racial, gender, geographic location and social class variation in current time use contribute to the different ways that COVID-19 is affecting Americans. The data collection will facilitate the creation of knowledge on how individual and structural inequities relating to these statuses influence daily behaviors that increase risk of exposure, infection, and dying from COVID-19. These data will inform social policy at several levels regarding pandemic experiences and subjective responses, thus supporting the health and well-being of people in the United States. Time use has changed dramatically owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, but we understand little beyond anecdotes and a few aggregate figures. This project will collect time diary and well-being data during the COVID-19 pandemic from a representative sample of the U.S. adult population aged 18 and older. Time diary data are the gold standard for collecting unbiased, valid, and reliable data about daily routines and the ways time is allocated to the many activities of daily life, and will include sampling of respondent activities throughout the day. The time diary will be accompanied by assessments of positive and negative dimensions of subjective well-being assessed for each activity reported. The momentary assessments of well-being allow researchers to analyze the well-being consequences of time use decisions, which are fundamental to health, quality of life, and effective functioning of a society. The project will collect 6,250 time diaries between August and December 2020, thus ensuring an adequate number of cases for sub-group analyses. All data will be collected by Gallup and the sample will be drawn from the nationally representative Gallup Panel. The data collection will include oversamples of persons of color; sampling weights will ensure the final dataset is nationally representative. In combination with similar, previously collected time-use data, these new data will show how time use has changed owing to the pandemic, and will enable analyses of social differences in time use during the second half of 2020. The project will use data analytic techniques including multivariate regression models using OLS, fixed effects, and random effects. These data will form an important foundation for analysis of time series, time use data, thus informing sociological theories regarding work and family, with implications for the economy, for family functioning, for education, and inter-generational relationships.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.