Biolographes. Literary creativity and biological knowledge in the 19th century

生物学一词于19世纪初在德国和法国创造(由特雷维拉努斯和拉马克创造)，标志着一个新的研究领域的出现，立即激发了其他学科的专家和作家的热情。法国文学很早就抓住了生物学知识，以或多或少忠实于其原始含义的方式利用其概念，对其进行评论和阐述，并找到新的主题和形式，从而通过话语促进它们作为全球文化现实的推广，而这反过来又影响了科学家本身的接受甚至思维。正是这种知识流动，我们希望在这个项目中关注生物学领域的知识，这既是因为这个术语的发明标志着一种新的学科意识的出现(与旧的自然历史决裂)，也是因为我们由此触及了与生者概念化密切相关的基础知识的转变，在这些领域，现有的研究倾向于关注其他学科(物理、数学、医学、地质学)或技术的突然出现。因此，生物图片学打算填补一个重大空白，提供一项关于生物学知识对19世纪法国文学生产的影响的基准研究，该研究是从向跨学科研究开放的文学批评的立场发展起来的，面向其他文学理论专家以及文化和科学历史学家。为此，我们计划提供一个涉及生物知识的原创和有代表性的文学作品语料库，其中包括主要作者和不太知名的作者、出版的文本、私人文件和草稿文件。这些文献将成为文学分析和大众研究的对象，有三个目标：--了解这种知识在作家中传播的渠道和方式--分析生物知识在文学作品中的使用和功能，在主题下(它们处理什么主题，在认识论上有哪些拐点？)，实用(到什么效果？)和形式方面(转化的过程是什么，叙事和诗意的产出，这种知识的结构效果是什么？)；这也是前提是识别这些知识的意识形态和修辞风险(求助于生物学知识通常服务于哲学、种族、政治或美学性质的更广泛的辩论)-模拟科学史和文学史之间的时间和概念上的一致和差异。根据我们研究主题的性质，决定将这个项目作为一个法德项目来呈现是合理的。因为，如果不预先考虑其他通常研究得更好的外国影响(例如达尔文的影响)，这项研究就无法在不考虑德国科学家(特别是海克尔)对法国作家的重大影响的情况下进行。

The term biology, coined in Germany and France at the beginning of the 19th century (by Treviranus and Lamarck), marks the emergence of a new field of research, which instantly sparked the enthusiasm of experts of other disciplines and of writers. French literature seizes on biological knowledge early on, utilizing its concepts in ways more or less true to their original meaning, commenting and elaborating on them and finding new topics and forms, thereby contributing to their promotion as a global cultural reality, through discourses, which have, in turn, impacted the reception and even the thinking of scientists themselves. It is this flow of knowledge that we wish to address in this project, focusing on knowledge from the field of biology, as much because the invention of the term signals the emergence of a new disciplinary awareness (breaking with the older natural history), as because we thereby touch upon the transformations of a fundamental knowledge, closely linked to the conceptualization of the living, where existing research has preferred to focus on other disciplines (physics, mathematics, medicine, geology) or the sudden advent of technology. Biolographes, therefore, intends to fill a significant gap, in providing a benchmark study on the impact of biological knowledge on French literary production in the 19th century, developed from the standpoint of a literary criticism open to interdisciplinary research and addressed to other specialists of literary theory as well as to cultural and scientific historians. To this end, we plan to provide an original and representative corpus of literary works dealing with biological knowledge, taking into account major authors as well as lesser-known ones, published texts, private and draft documents. These documents will be the object of literary analysis and mass studies with the threefold objective of:- understanding the channels and modalities of the spread of this knowledge among writers- analyzing the usage and function of biological knowledge in literary works, under thematic (what topics do they treat, with which epistemological inflexions?), pragmatic (to what effect?) and formal aspects (what are the processes of transformation, the narrative and poetic yield, the structuring effects of this knowledge?); this also presupposes the identification of the ideological and rhetorical stakes of this knowledge (recourse to biological knowledge often serves broader debates of a philosophical, racial, political or esthetic nature)- modeling the temporal and conceptual concurrences and discrepancies between history of science and literature.The decision to present this project as a French-German program is justified by the nature of our research topic. For, without prejudging other, often better-researched foreign influences (e.g. that of Darwin), this study could not be conducted without taking into account the considerable impact of German scientists (especially Haeckel) on French writers.