Family background and women's changing life courses: a study on the roles of social reproduction, female role models and gender-neutrality in socialization

针对妇女生活方式和人生历程的长期变化，本项目探讨家庭社会化对妇女性别角色态度、人生历程偏好、教育程度以及劳动力市场和人口行为的作用。根据社会再生产的标准模型，该项目打算通过父母对女儿人力资本的投资来记录父母阶级和教育的传递。然而，在扩展对代际流动的传统分析的同时，该项目将特别侧重于母亲作为行为和规范榜样的作用。关于前者，该项目将评价产妇教育的影响，但在传统分析的基础上进行扩展，同时纳入母亲劳动力市场和人口行为的指标，特别是母亲劳动力供应的强度和持续时间、结婚和组建家庭的时间以及子女的数量。此外，实证分析将通过处理性别角色态度、工作-生活偏好和有关倾向的代际传递程度，试图确定母亲作为规范性榜样的作用；重要的是，由于母亲一代的偏好和行为之间通常会有较大的差异，这种规范的传递渠道可能对我们理解妇女生活方式和生活过程的社会分层变化有重大贡献。当然，该项目也将处理朝向更加性别中立的社会化和生命历程模式的真正变化过程，即教育扩大或母亲潜在态度的构成影响无法解释的传播过程的变化，这种影响可能越来越多地影响到中产阶级。总体而言，该项目将主要依赖德国社会经济小组在其实证工作中的二手数据，并辅以ALLBUS和德国生活史研究的数据。统计分析将利用最先进的横截面和小组数据回归模型，包括在分析家庭社会化和生命历程的性别中立时使用家庭固定效应规格。

Against the secular changes in women's life styles and life courses this project addresses the role of familial socialization for women's gender role attitudes, life course preferences, educational attainment as well as labour market and demographic behaviour. In line with standard models of social reproduction, the project intends to document the transmission of parental class and education via parental investment in daughters' human capital. Extending traditional analyses of intergenerational mobility, however, the project will have a particular focus on the role of mothers as both behavioural and normative role models. With respect to the former, the project will evaluate the impact of maternal education, but expands on more conventional analyses by also incorporating indicators of mothers' labour market and demographic behaviour, notably the intensity and persistence of mothers' labour supply, the timing of marriage and family formation as well as the number of children. In addition, the empirical analysis will seek to determine mothers' role as normative role models by addressing the extent of the intergenerational transmission of gender role attitudes, work-life preferences and related orientations; importantly, since there will typically be a larger discrepancy between preferences and behaviour in the maternal generation, this normative transmission channel might contribute significantly to our understanding of the socially stratified change in women's life styles and life courses. Naturally, the project will also address processes of true change towards more gender-neutral socialization and life course patterns, i.e. changes in transmission processes unaccounted for by compositional effects of either educational expansion or mothers' latent attitudes, which may have come to increasingly reach into the middle classes. Overall, the project will mostly rely on secondary data from the German Socio-Economic Panel in its empirical work, complemented by data from the ALLBUS and the German Life History Study. The statistical analyses will utilize state-of-the-art regression modelling for cross-sectional and panel data, including the use of family fixed-effects specifications in the analysis of gender neutrality of family socialization and life courses.