Political Leaders Through Time (PLT)

试图了解政治领导、稳定和冲突的研究主要集中在过去100年作为证据的基础。 该项目收集了2000多年来世界各地2000多个政治国家的领导人的数据，以研究地理条件如何影响政治稳定。该项目产生了更广泛的影响，通过产生奖学金，促进我们对与政治稳定和和平社会的其他特征相关的社会和政治因素的理解。 此外，它还提供了有用的数据，为其他各种重要问题提供了新的视角：西方的政治制度何时与东方的不同？女性何时被选为领导者？古代领导人的任期是更短、更长，还是与今天的领导人任期相当？随着时间的推移，暴力罢免领导人的情况是否发生了明显的变化？大众民主的到来如何影响了精英的流动？政治的地理特征如何影响这些模式？ 对政治领导人的社会科学研究主要集中在当代。《政治领袖穿越时间》（Political Leaders through Time，PLT）涵盖了两千年、2,000多个政体、近5,000个政体世纪和70,000多位领导人，每一个都被编码为24个属性。PLT的实质性焦点集中在政治秩序问题上。据推测，政治稳定可能取决于地理特征。此外，该项目提供了第一个历史国家的地名词典，并辅之以地理信息系统多边形，以绘制其随时间变化的位置。PLT允许对迄今为止仅在现代或单个区域（例如，欧洲）。 因此，PLT提供了我们对领导者和领导力过渡的知识的巨大扩展，随着时间的推移和世界各地。这个奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并已被认为是值得通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估的支持。

Studies that seek to understand political leadership, stability and conflict focus primarily on the last 100 years as the basis of their evidence. This project collects data on leaders in over 2000 polities throughout the world over two millenia to examine how geography conditions political stability. The project has broader impact by producing scholarship that advances our understanding of the social and political factors that are associated with political stability and other features of a peaceful society. In addition, it provides data that is useful shedding new light on a wide variety of other important questions: When did political institutions in the West diverge from those in the East? When were women chosen as leaders? Was the tenure of leaders in the ancient world shorter, longer, or comparable to the tenure of leaders today? Have instances of violent removal of leaders changed appreciably over time? How has the advent of mass democracy affected the circulation of elites? How do geographical features of polities influence these patterns? Social-science studies of political leaders focus mostly on the contemporary era. “Political Leaders through Time” (PLT) encompasses two millennia, over 2,000 polities, nearly 5,000 polity-centuries, and more than 70,000 leaders, each of which is coded across twenty-four attributes. The substantive focus of the PLT centers on the question of political order. It is hypothesized that political stability may be conditioned by geographic features. Additionally, the project provides a first-of-its-kind gazetteer of historical states complemented by GIS polygons to map their locations through time. The PLT allows for a systematic and global analysis of many other questions that have heretofore been examined only in the modern era or for a single region (e.g., Europe). As such, the PLT offers a massive expansion of our knowledge about leaders and leadership transitions through time and across the world.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.