NNA Research: Collaborative Research: Displacing Wood Use with Electric Thermal Storage Heating to Improve Ambient Air Quality

新北极航行（NNA）是NSF的十大创意之一。NNA项目解决快速变化的北极地区的趋同科学挑战。北极研究需要为国家、更大地区和地球仪的经济、安全和复原力提供信息。NNA授权从地方到国际规模的新的研究伙伴关系，使下一代北极研究人员多样化，加强正规和非正规教育的努力，并在适当的情况下整合知识的共同生产。该奖项通过解决以下NNA重点领域中社会系统、自然环境和建筑环境之间的相互作用来实现这一目标的一部分：北极居民、数据和观测、教育和弹性基础设施。在北极地区，空间供暖通常是必需的，但燃烧燃料来加热生活空间需要大量的财务和环境成本。例如，在阿拉斯加州的费尔班克斯北星星自治市（FNSB），大多数家庭使用取暖燃油作为空间取暖的主要来源，并使用木柴作为次要取暖来源。木材燃烧加热设备是最大的细颗粒物的来源，尺寸为2.5微米或更小，（PM2.5），在自治市，但木材是一个相对低成本的燃料相比，加热燃料油。FNSB被归类为PM2.5的非达标区域，这与对心肺健康的负面影响有关。电蓄热加热器（ETSH）可以通过取代目前用于住宅空间供暖的木柴来帮助解决PM2.5问题。这项研究旨在确定使用住宅ETSH是否可以减轻阿拉斯加内陆地区的PM2.5空气污染和燃料贫困。这项研究对任何有兴趣减少因燃烧木材用于住宅空间供暖而造成的PM2.5空气污染的社区都具有公共卫生和政策意义。它也对北极社区感兴趣的木材燃烧和PM2.5的碳成分之间的关系的影响。这项研究可能会导致更广泛地采用ETSH进行空间供暖，这可以改善空气质量，减少燃料贫困，并减少住宅空间供暖的碳足迹。该项目通过四个组成部分整合了自然环境，建筑环境和社会系统的维度：1）ETSH现场实验; 2）空气质量分析和建模; 3）经济分析; 4）空气质量教育。本项目的研究目标是：1）在治理小区安装住宅ETSH前后，测量治理和控制小区的环境PM2.5空气污染; 2）对治理和控制小区的PM2.5来源进行排放清单; 3）对收集到的PM2.5空气污染数据进行建模，控制风速和风向，空气温度和相对湿度，以确定是否有一个可测量的差异，在环境中的PM2.5浓度之间的治疗和控制邻里; 4）测量的成分，并估计来源的贡献PM2.5; 5）预测燃料价格的变化以及ETSH数量和浓度的增加可能如何影响FNSB中的环境PM2.5空气污染; 6）估计FNSB居民对ETSH充电电力的支付意愿（WTP）; 7）估计FNSB中住宅取暖燃料需求的短期自有价格、交叉价格和支出弹性; 8）评估ETSH在不同电价下对住宅供暖支出的影响;以及9）与FNSB教师合作，为一个科学单元开发和试点PM2.5空气污染课程材料。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Navigating the New Arctic (NNA) is one of NSF's 10 Big Ideas. NNA projects address convergence scientific challenges in the rapidly changing Arctic. The Arctic research is needed to inform the economy, security and resilience of the Nation, the larger region and the globe. NNA empowers new research partnerships from local to international scales, diversifies the next generation of Arctic researchers, enhances efforts in formal and informal education, and integrates the co-production of knowledge where appropriate. This award fulfills part of that aim by addressing interactions among social systems, natural environment, and built environment in the following NNA focus areas: Arctic Residents, Data and Observation, Education, and Resilient Infrastructure.In Arctic regions, space heating is often a necessity, but burning fuel to heat living spaces has substantial financial and environmental costs. In the Fairbanks North Star Borough (FNSB), Alaska, for example, most households use heating fuel oil as their primary source of space heating and firewood as a secondary heating source. Wood-burning heating devices are the largest source of fine particulate matter with a size of 2.5 microns or less, (PM2.5), in the borough, but wood is a relatively low-cost fuel compared to heating fuel oil. The FNSB is classified as a nonattainment area for PM2.5, which is associated with negative impacts on cardiopulmonary health. Electric thermal storage heaters (ETSH) could help solve the PM2.5 problem by replacing the firewood currently used for residential space heating. This research aims to determine whether the use of residential ETSH can mitigate ambient PM2.5 air pollution and fuel poverty in Interior Alaska. This research has public health and policy implications for any community interested in reducing PM2.5 air pollution resulting from wood burning for residential space heating. It also has implications for Arctic communities interested in the relationship between wood burning and the carbon components of PM2.5. This research may lead to a broader adoption of ETSH for space heating, which could improve air quality, reduce fuel poverty, and reduce the carbon footprint of residential space heating. The project incorporates dimensions of the natural environment, built environment, and social systems through four components: 1) an ETSH field experiment; 2) air quality analysis and modeling; 3) economic analysis; and 4) air quality education. The research objectives of the project will: 1) measure the ambient PM2.5 air pollution in a treatment and control neighborhood before and after the installation of residential ETSH in the treatment neighborhood; 2) conduct emission inventories of the sources of PM2.5 in the control and treatment neighborhoods; 3) model the collected PM2.5 air pollution data, controlling for wind speed and direction, air temperature, and relative humidity, to determine if there is a measurable difference in ambient PM2.5 concentrations between the treatment and control neighborhoods; 4) measure the constituents and estimate the source contributions of PM2.5; 5) forecast how changes in fuel prices and increases in the number and concentration of ETSH may affect ambient PM2.5 air pollution in the FNSB; 6) estimate FNSB residents’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for electricity to charge ETSH; 7) estimate short-run own-price, cross-price, and expenditure elasticities of demand for residential heating fuels in the FNSB; 8) estimate the impact of ETSH on residential heating expenditures under different electricity rates; and 9) collaborate with FNSB teachers to develop and pilot curriculum materials for a science unit on PM2.5 air pollution.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.