War, Revolution and the Expansion of Women's Political Citizenship

该项目探讨了从1900年到2022年冲突与妇女政治公民权扩张之间的关系。 它考虑了政治公民的两种主要形式：妇女的选举权和扩大妇女在国家和国家以下各级管理机构中的代表性。 虽然扩大妇女公民权有多种途径，但妇女的政治权利往往在冲突和革命时期得到更迅速的增加。 第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战后帝国的衰落，沿着妇女选举权的扩大和她们竞选公职的权利，成为后来新国家建立的催化剂。内战、民族解放战争和革命在某些条件下对扩大妇女的政治公民权产生了类似的结果。 这项研究促进了对冲突如何为扩大妇女的公民权创造机会和条件的理论理解。 这项研究对了解促进妇女权利的有利时机具有潜在的影响。这项研究涉及对国内档案和二手资料来源的研究，这些资料来源涉及在从旧政治秩序向新政治秩序过渡的关键时刻妇女的政治公民身份。 据推测，特别是在冲突导致政治精英发生变化的情况下，机会和妇女公民权的扩大会发生。冲突也开启了机会结构（例如，和平谈判、选举和宪法改革进程），从而能够调动妇女的权利。最后，这些变化往往发生在不断变化的全球规范扩散的背景下。选定的案件代表了不同类型的冲突。第一组包括在冲突背景下与帝国终结有关的时间和地点不同的案例。对第二类人来说，这场冲突意味着内战的结束。 第三组是没有冲突的案例，这一奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

This project explores the relationship between conflict and the expansion of women’s political citizenship from 1900 to 2022. It considers two key forms of political citizenship: women’s suffrage and the expansion of women’s representation in national and subnational governing bodies. While there are multiple paths to expanding women’s citizenship, women’s political rights have often increased more rapidly in times of conflict and revolution. The decline of empires after World Wars I and II served as a catalyst for the subsequent creation of new nations along with the expansion of women’s suffrage and their right to run for office. Civil wars, wars of national liberation, and revolutions have had similar outcomes in expanding women’s political citizenship under certain conditions. This study advances theoretical understanding of how conflict opens up opportunities and creates conditions for the expansion of women’s citizenship. The study has potential implications for understanding propitious moments for advancing women’s rights. This study involves a study of archival and secondary in-country sources relating to women’s political citizenship at critical junctures of transition from an old to a new political order. It is hypothesized that the expansion of opportunities and women’s citizenship occurs especially where conflict leads to changes in the political elite. Conflict also opens up opportunity structures (e.g., peace talks, electoral and constitutional reform processes) that allow for women’s rights mobilization. Finally, these changes often occur in the context of a diffusion of changing global norms. Selected cases represent the different types of conflict. The first group includes cases diverse in time and location tied to the end of empire in the context of conflict. For a second group the conflict is the end of civil war. A third group, included for contrast, is cases with an absence of conflict.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.