Scientific Collaboration on Past Speciation Conditions in Lake Ohrid (SCOPSCO) - sedimentstratigraphy, tephrostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy

“奥赫里德湖过去物种形成条件的科学合作”（SCOPSCO）项目成立于大约7年前，当时向国际大陆科学钻探计划（ICDP）提交了一份深钻全面提案。在这项建议中，确定了四个主要目标。这些目标是(i)获得关于湖泊年龄和起源的更精确的信息，（ii）揭示湖区的地震构造历史，包括大地震和相关的大规模消耗事件的影响，（iii）获得地中海中北部地区火山活动和气候变化的连续记录。（iv）更好地理解重大地质/环境事件对一般进化模式的影响，以及作为一个具有全球意义的问题，塑造一个特殊程度的地方性生物多样性。2013年春季在奥赫里德湖进行的非常成功的深钻活动为实现这些目标奠定了基础。在野外活动中，从奥赫里德湖的四个不同地点钻探了超过2000米的沉积物。这里申请的项目是一个更新建议，重点是主要的钻探场地，即湖中央的DEEP场地。在该地点，从6个平行的洞中回收了1526 m的沉积物，最大沉积物深度为湖底以下569 m （blf）。根据现场数据，由于DEEP现场各个孔的回收岩心部分重叠，可以建立一个几乎完整的复合岩心，最上层480 m的采收率超过99%，整个569 m的总采收率超过95%。这里申请的项目包括沉积学分析、温度地层学工作和对DEEP站点岩心的年代地层学工作，部分是与国家和国际合作伙伴密切合作的，旨在回答上面列出的主要目标(i)、（iii）和（iv）。它还将为参与SCOPSCO项目的国际科学界开展的关于沉积物记录的所有其他沉积学、地球化学和生物/古生物学工作提供科学基础。在项目的第三年，科学研究将集中在DEEP遗址序列的下部，包括中更新世过渡和bb100万年。初步的野外资料和初步的科学结果表明，DEEP站点的复合岩心的年代际分辨率在1.2 - 1.9 Ma之间。随着这里的申请，奥赫里德湖记录将成为地中海地区古环境变化和意大利火山活动的关键记录，并将为物种形成和分类群进化机制提供独特的见解。

The project "Scientific Collaboration on Past Speciation Conditions in Lake Ohrid" (SCOPSCO) established ca. 7 years ago, when a deep drilling full proposal was submitted to the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP). Within this proposal, four major aims were defined. These aims are (i) to obtain more precise information about the age and origin of the lake, (ii) to unravel the seismotectonic history of the lake area including effects of major earthquakes and associated mass wasting events, (iii) to obtain a continuous record containing information on volcanic activities and climate changes in the central northern Mediterranean region, and (iv) to better understand the impact of major geological/environmental events on general evolutionary patterns and shaping an extraordinary degree of endemic biodiversity as a matter of global significance. The very successful deep drilling campaign carried out at Lake Ohrid in spring 2013 forms the backbone for answering these aims. During the field campaign, more than 2000 m of sediments were drilled from four different sites in Lake Ohrid. The project applied for here is a renewal proposal and focuses on the main drill site, the DEEP site in the central part of the lake. At this site, overall 1526 m of sediments were recovered from 6 parallel holes with a maximum sediment depth of 569 m below lake floor (blf). As the recovered cores from the individual holes at DEEP site partly overlap, an almost complete composite core can be established, with a recovery of more than 99 % for the uppermost 480 m and a total recovery of more than 95 % for the entire 569 m according to field data. The project here applied for encompasses sedimentological analyses, tephrostratigraphical work, and chronostratigraphical work on the cores from DEEP site, partly in close collaboration with national and international partners, and is addressed to answer the main aims (i), (iii) and (iv) listed above. It will also provide the scientific backbone for all other sedimentological, geochemical and biological/paleontological work on the sediment record carried out by the international scientific community involved into the SCOPSCO project. For the third year of the project, the scientific studies will concentrate on the lower part of the DEEP site sequence, which covers the Mid Pleistocene transition and the period > 1 million years.Preliminary field data and first scientific results indicate that the composite core from the DEEP site spans with a decadal resolution between 1.2 and 1.9 Ma. With the proposal applied for here, the Lake Ohrid record will become a key record for paleoenvironmental changes in the Mediterranean region and for the activity of Italian volcanoes and will allow a unique insight into the mechanisms of speciation and evolution of taxa.