A Global History of urban development policies since 1945

拟议的项目分析了1945年至1992年期间城市发展政策的历史。在这个意义上，它假定发展政策是为发展中国家采取的政策。但是，从这个特定的角度，该项目寻求提供重要的洞察到一般历史的城市化在20世纪。基于全球治理的概念，并利用历史的多中心写作，将解决与社会科学，地理学和人类学相关的基本问题。城市发展政策作为一个新的全球政策领域是何时、为何以及如何发展起来的？参与行动者构想了什么样的发展理论和战略？这些是如何随着时间的推移而变化的，为什么会这样？城市发展项目对当地产生了哪些影响？拟议的项目在三个部分项目中调查这些问题。这些报告列举了城市发展政策的不同问题;然而，它们所关注的行为者大致相同。这确保了各部分项目之间的高度一致性，并保证了交流和相互促进。部分项目1调查全球对发展中国家城市住房需求的看法、论述和发展方法的变化，自1940年代以来，这种需求表现为所谓贫民窟的扩散。该部分项目采用了传记方法，重点关注一组在全球范围内活跃的专家，他们在1940年代至1970年代期间为国际组织的城市发展政策发挥了重要作用。部分项目2利用城市水政策来解决1960年代至1992年的城市资源危机问题。它调查了世界银行在波哥大、内罗毕和孟买资助的一系列项目。此外，它还研究了其他行为者对这三个城市的做法，如世界卫生组织、联合国教科文组织、德国技术合作机构和斯德哥尔摩的国际水管理研究所。将在不断变化的水政策概念和规定的背景下，对具体的地方水政策进行研究。部分项目3着眼于城市发展政策中较为传统的环境层面。它关注的是自1970年代以来对城市环境污染的看法和处理。更具体地说，墨西哥城的例子被用来调查空气污染;圣保罗被选为水污染的重点;和新加坡已被选中，以分析不断变化的软类别，如生活质量的概念。所涉及的行为者包括世界银行、卫生组织、环境署和福特基金会。

The proposed project analyses the history of urban development policies between 1945 and 1992. In this sense, it assumes that development policies are policies that were undertaken for developing countries. However, from this specific angle, the project seeks to provide important insight into the general history of urbanization in the 20th century. Based on notions of global governance, and utilizing a multi-centered writing of history, basic questions shall be addressed which are also of relevance for the social sciences, geography, and anthropology. When, why and how did urban development policies develop as a new global policy field? What kind of development doctrines and strategies did the actors involve conceive? How did these change over time, and why did they do so? Which local ramifications did urban development projects have?The proposed project investigates these questions in three partial projects. These itemize different sets of problems of urban development policies; however, they look at roughly the same actors. This ensures a high degree of homogeneity among the partial projects and guarantees exchange and cross-fertilization. Partial project 1 investigates the change of global perceptions, discourses and developmental approaches in regard to a need for housing in cities of developing countries, a need which manifested itself since the 1940s by the proliferation of so-called slums. The partial project makes use of a biographical approach and focuses on a group of globally active experts who were instrumental for urban development policies of international organizations between the 1940s and the 1970s. Partial project 2 uses urban water policies to address the problem of urban resource crises from the 1960s to 1992. It investigates a range of projects funded by the World Bank in Bogota, Nairobi and Mumbai. In addition, it researches the approaches of other actors towards these three cities such as the WHO, UNESCO, the Gesellschaft für technische Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and the International Institute for Water Management in Stockholm. Research on the specific local water policies will be embedded in the context of changing notions of and prescriptions on water policies. Partial project 3 looks at the more conventional environmental dimension of urban development policy. It is concerned with perceptions and handling of urban environmental pollution since the 1970s. More concretely, the example of Mexico City is used to investigate air pollution; Sao Paulo is selected as a focus on water pollution; and Singapore has been selected in order to analyze changing conceptions of soft categories such as life quality. The actors addressed comprise the World Bank, the WHO, UNEP and the Ford Foundation.