Wheat and barley in Mesopotamia: Terminology, cultivation, and use according to cuneiform sources and against the background of paleobotanical and ethnographical evidence

谷物的种植是古代美索不达米亚文明生活的经济基础。然而，尽管有大量的相关数据，但目前还没有对粮食品种进行最新的处理。该项目采用跨学科方法，重点研究美索不达米亚青铜器时代大麦、有颖小麦和裸小麦的楔形文字和古植物学证据。根据古植物学和民族志调查结果，特定谷类作物的特性影响种植和加工。因此，从苏美尔人和阿卡德人的楔形文字来源中选择的关于种植和加工的证据，可以得出关于特定谷物物种的结论。该项目的主要目标是收集特定谷类作物的特定植物学、农业和加工特征，尽可能准确地识别谷类作物的阿卡德语和苏美尔语词汇，并在其生态、农学和生态营养环境中对其进行分析。“特定的植物特征”包括颜色、大小、味道、栖息地、地理分布、抗逆性和生长季节长度。“农业特色”是指播种、收割、脱粒的日期以及播种率、产量、种产率、灌溉的规模和方式、轮作制度等。“特定加工特征”是指特定谷物品种是加工供动物食用还是供人类食用，加工成哪种食品，以及如何加工。该项目的目标是：1。在古植物学和民族志研究的背景下，收集了来自青铜时代美索不达米亚和叙利亚的苏美尔人和阿卡德人关于大麦和小麦物种的特定植物学、农业和加工特征的文本证据，并对其进行了分类。因此，根据古植物学、人种学和楔形文字的证据，科学界得到了谷物特征的综合表。2. 阿卡德语和苏美尔语中关于大麦（SHE及其化合物）、有颖小麦（ZÍZ及其化合物，以及SIG15）和裸小麦（KÌB及其化合物，以及burrum）的术语应该尽可能精确地加以识别。因此，我们将文本证据与古植物学和民族志资料进行比较，了解具体的植物学、农业和加工特征。3. 通过收集到的有关具体特征的信息，可以得出关于古代美索不达米亚农业社会的生态、农艺、经济和生态生态环境的结论。在这种情况下，首先必须对数据进行分析，然后与目前关于传统田间种植和收获后活动的工作流程的民族志模型进行严格比较，以便详细说明历时性和历时性的差异和相似性。

The cultivation of grains forms the economic basis for life in the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia. However, despite abundant relevant data, no up-to-date treatment of the grain species exists today. In an interdisciplinary approach, the project focuses on the cuneiform and paleobotanical evidence of the barley, glume wheat and naked wheat species in Mesopotamian Bronze Age. According to the results of paleobotanical and ethnographical investigations, the characteristics of specific cereal crops affect cultivation and processing. Thus the evidence regarding cultivation and processing selected from cuneiform sources in Sumerian and Akkadian, allows conclusions about the particular cereal species. The key project objectives are to collect the specific botanical, agricultural and processing characteristics of the particular cereal crops, to identify Akkadian and Sumerian words for cereal crops as precisely as possible, and to analyse them in their ecological, agronomical and ecotrophological environment. "Specific botanical characteristics" are colour, size, taste, habitat, geographical distribution, stress tolerances, and growing season length."Specific agricultural characteristics" are the dates of sowing, harvesting, and threshing as well as the rate of sowing, the yield, and the seed/yield rate, the scale and mode of irrigation, as well as the system of crop rotation. "Specific processing characteristics" mean whether the specific cereal species were processed for animal or human consumption, to which kind of food the cereals were processed, and how they were processed. The project's goals are: 1. The Sumerian and Akkadian textual evidence from Bronze Age Mesopotamia and Syria concerning the specific botanical, agricultural and processing characteristics of barley and wheat species is collected and classified against the background of paleobotanical and ethnographical research. Thus, the scientific community is supplied with comprehensive tables of characteristics of cereals according to the paleobotanical, ethnographical, and cuneiform evidence. 2. The Akkadian and Sumerian terms for barley (SHE and its compounds), glume wheat (ZÍZ and its compounds, as well as SIG15), and naked wheat species (KÌB and its compounds, as well as burrum) should be identified as precisely as possible. Therefore, we compare the textual evidence with the paleobotanical and ethnographical data concerning the specific botanical, agricultural and processing characteristics. 3. The collected information concerning specific characteristics allows conclusions about the ecological, agronomical, economic, and ecotrophological environment of ancient Mesopotamian agrarian societies. In this context, the data first has to be analysed and then critically compared with the current ethnographical models regarding the workflow in traditional field cropping and post-harvest activities, in order to elaborate the diatopic and diachronic differences and similarities.