Shifting Loyalties between Prussia's Eastern Provinces and Poland's Western Regions. A Comparative Study of Poznania and Upper Silesia, 1871-1939

本研究考察了波兹南地区和上西里西亚的波兰人如何在普鲁士和德意志帝国各自的框架内发展出多重忠诚关系，以及当波兰第二共和国在第一次世界大战后控制这些地区时，这些忠诚关系是如何转移、改变或解体的。它研究了政权更迭如何影响主体，特别是当它们发生在战争时期，迫使人们真正决定他们的忠诚。这里受影响的民众被迫接受，他们与政府和社会结构之间长达数十年的联系现在已经消失，或者不得不让位于全新的、未经证实的联系。 该项目基于这样一种想法，即忠诚的纽带在本质上总是多层面的，其起源是复杂的，忠诚的态度是可以--甚至必须--学习的。更重要的是，忠诚的态度不会简单地在一夜之间消失，即使它们最初是被迫的。目的是分析这些纽带是如何建立起来的，以及如何用它们交换新的纽带，特别是当不同方面（国家、教会、民族）提出相互冲突的忠诚要求时，作为第一步，必须确定普鲁士和波兰的忠诚和忠诚观念是否基本相同，或者它们是否有任何不同。作为第二步，我们将考察某些本应唤起和促进忠诚的制度：学校、教会（天主教和新教）和军队在多大程度上真正成功地培养了波兹纳尼亚和上西里西亚居民的忠诚？有一种根深蒂固的观点认为，普鲁士的学校和军队不可能用波兰学生或应征入伍者来实现这一目标。然而，根据最近的研究，不仅要质疑这种观点，而且要质疑相应的假设，即1918年的波兰继承机构在某种程度上自动表现得更好，因为它们对自己的“自己”科目进行操作。为了回答这些问题，我们将检查和测试某些“忠诚态度”指标的有效性：响应号召的意愿、参加议会选举以及守法行为的程度都被认为是忠诚的重要标志。因此，将对战前和战后各年进行审议。迄今为止，还没有尝试过类似的比较方法。因此，该项目将大大增加最近关于忠诚的研究。

The project presented here examines how the Polish population of the Poznanian region and Upper Silesia developed multiple bonds of loyalty within the respective frameworks of the Prussian state and the German Empire, and how these loyalties shifted, changed or dissolved when the Second Polish Republic took control of those same regions after World War One. It looks into the way in which regime changes can affect subjects, especially when they take place in times of war that force people to actually decide about their loyalties. The populations affected here were made to accept that their decades-old ties to governmental and social structures now dissolved or had to give way to entirely new, unproven ones. The project is based on the idea that bonds of loyalty are always multidimensional in nature, that their genesis is complex and that loyal attitudes can be - or even have to be - learned. What is more, loyal attitudes do not simply disappear overnight, even if they have been coerced in the first place. The aim is to analyze how these bonds were established, and how they could be exchanged for new ones, especially when conflicting demands for loyalty were made from different sides (State, Church, Nation).As a first step, it will have to be determined if ideas of allegiance and loyalty were basically the same in Prussia and Poland, or if they differed in any way. As a second step, certain institutions that are supposed to evoke and further loyalty will be examined: To what extent did schools, the Church (Catholic and Protestant) and armies actually succeed in fostering loyalty among the populations of Poznania and Upper Silesia? There is a strongly established view that Prussian schools and armed forces could not possibly achieve that aim with Polish pupils or conscripts. However, in light of recent research, it appears important not only to question this view, but also the corresponding assumption that Polish successor-institutions in 1918 somehow automatically fared better, because they operated on their "own" subjects.To answer these questions, certain indicators of "loyal attitudes" will be examined and tested for their validity: The willingness to answer a call to arms, the participation in parliamentary elections, and the extent of law-abiding behaviour have all been identified as significant signs of loyalty. Consequently, they will be considered for both the pre-war-period and the after-war years. A similar comparative approach has not been attempted so far. The project will thus add considerably to recent research on loyalties.