The Separation of Powers Doctrine and the Power of Participation: Citizen's Influence in Delegated Rule-Making in the United States, the European Union and Germany

参与是影响政府所有部门公共权力行使的有力工具。世界各地越来越多地听到要求更多公民参与公共权力行使的呼声。尽管美国在公民参与方面有着令人印象深刻的记录，但欧盟和德国的情况却大不相同。然而，在后两种法律秩序中，参与在过去几年中得到了及时的加强。这一发展进一步参与机会的进程刚刚开始。为了分析参与的理论基础，设想的关于“三权分立理论和参与权：美国、欧盟和德国公民对授权规则制定的影响”的研究旨在发展一种参与公共权力行使的模式，即涉及所有三个政府部门。这种模式需要回答两个重要问题：一是谁参与公共权力的行使，二是参与以何种法律效力发生。由于这些问题不能通过参与本身来回答，因此应将三权分立理论理解为平衡集体自决和个人自决的组织原则，以便将参与概念化。这似乎是适当的，因为三权分立学说和参与都涉及保护个人权利、（参与）集体决策和公共权力的效率。为了评估该模式的实际影响和效益，本文将分析美国、欧盟和德国的行政授权规则制定程序的参与情况。在这方面，将审查是否以及如何利用美国关于规则制定的先进得多的参与规定来加强欧洲联盟和德国的参与。除了比较法的方法外，它还采用了迄今尚未应用的整体方法。尽管参与和直接民主在学术界已经讨论了许多年，特别是自2010年开始的反对《斯图加特21号法案》的大规模抗议活动以来，但讨论仅限于考虑政府的一个部门：一方面，讨论围绕立法机构的参与展开，另一方面，正在分析如何将参与纳入行政部门。然而，由于只关注政府的一个部门，参与讨论未能理解参与的潜在机制。恰恰相反，这项研究将采用一种考虑到政府所有三个部门的新方法。简而言之，我计划发展一个非常需要的全面的参与理论

Participation is a powerful tool which influences the exercise of public authority within all branches of government. Calls for more citizens' involvement in the exercise of public authority are increasingly heard around the world. Whereas the United States possesses an impressive record of citizen's participation, this is quite different with regard to the European Union and Germany. However, in the latter two legal orders participation has been punctually enhanced in the last years. This process of developing further participation opportunities has just commenced.In order to analyze the theoretical foundations of participation, the envisaged study on "The Separation of Powers Doctrine and the Power of Participation: Citizen's Influence in Delegated Rule-Making in the United States, the European Union and Germany" aims at developing a model of participation in the exercise of public authority, i.e. with regard to all three branches of government. This model is required for answering two important questions: firstly, who shall participate in the exercise of public authority and secondly, with which legal effect shall participation take place.As these questions cannot be answered by participation itself, an understanding of the separation of powers doctrine as the organizational principle balancing collective self-determination and individual self-determination shall be utilized in order to conceptualize participation. This seems appropriate as the separation of powers doctrine as well as participation are concerned with the protection of individual rights, (partaking in) collective decision-making and the efficiency of public authority.In order to assess the practical impact and benefit of the model, participation in the executive's delegated rulemaking procedures in the United States, the European Union and Germany will be analyzed. In this respect, it will be examined whether and how the far more advanced participation provisions with regard to rulemaking in the United States can be utilized to enhance participation in the European Union and Germany.Besides its comparative law approach it uses a holistic approach which has not been applied as of yet. Although participation and direct democracy are being much discussed in academia for a number of years now - especially since the mass protests against Stuttgart 21 which started in 2010 - the discussion is limited to considering only one branch of government: On the one hand the discussion revolves around participation with regard to the legislature, on the other hand it is being analyzed how participation could be integrated into the executive branch. Yet, by concentrating on only one branch of government, the participation discussion fails to understand the underlying mechanisms of participation. Quite to the contrary, this study will follow a new approach taking into account all three branches of government. In short, I plan to develop a much needed comprehensive theory of participation