Debts, Reforms, Wars. Russia's public finances during the Napoleonic Wars, 1796-1816.

项目债务、改革、战争。俄罗斯S《拿破仑战争时期的公共财政》，主要研究了从早期到近代过渡时期俄罗斯帝国公共财政的发展。它的主要焦点是帝国的运作。到1796年S大帝去世时，俄罗斯政府的债务已经达到1.58亿卢布的转让额和4000万卢布的外国债权人债务。然而，到1815年，债务甚至已经上升到8.25亿卢布的转让价值。财政部长和官员曾多次尝试改革公共财政，但他们发现，除了发放更多拨款外，没有其他办法来弥补战争的巨大成本。于是，帝国陷入了前所未有的债务和被迫现代化的境地。尽管公共财政状况日益严峻，但与近代早期的许多德国国家不同，俄罗斯并没有破产。该州挺过了这场严重的危机，尽管它直到19世纪40年代还在与影响作斗争。该项目侧重于四个维度。第一个维度的目的是研究俄罗斯财政政策在国家收支之间建立平衡的失败尝试。第二个维度讨论了1800年前后机构重组的方式、被视为理性的政治措施以及实践中出现的问题。第三个维度的目标是在金融历史和社会和政治历史之间建立联系。它旨在确定参与者的社会和政治回旋余地，并审查国家债权人。这一维度还分析了成立于1802年的俄罗斯财政部官员。第四个层面侧重于选定的两个地方当局。该项目的目的是填补凯瑟琳·S改革后俄罗斯内部发展的一个空白，这一改革已经得到了详细的研究。

The project Debts, Reforms, Wars. Russia s public finances during the Napoleonic Wars, 1796-1816 concentrates on the development of public finances in the Russian Empire in the transitional period from early modern to modern times. Its main focus is on the functioning of the Empire. At the time of Catherine the Great s death in 1796 the debts of the Russian state already amounted to 158 million rubles in assignats and 40 million rubles to foreign creditors. By 1815, however, the debts had even risen to the value of 825 million rubles in assignats. Finance ministers and officials tried to reform the public finances several times, but they found no other way to cover the enormous costs of the wars than to issue more assignats. Thus, the Empire got into an unprecedented situation of debt and forced modernization. Despite this increasingly serious situation in the area of public finances Russia, unlike many German states of the early modern period, did not go bankrupt. The state survived this deep crisis although it struggled with the effects up until the 1840s. This project focuses on four dimensions. The aim of the first dimension is to study the unsuccessful attempts of the Russian financial policy to establish a balance between state income and expenses. The second dimension discusses the way institutions were reorganized around 1800, the political measures seen as rational and the problems that occurred in practice. The objective of the third dimension is to establish a link between financial history on the one hand and social and political history on the other hand. It aims to identify the social and political leeway of players and to examine the state creditors. This dimension also analyses the officials of the Russian Ministry of Finance founded in 1802. The fourth dimension focuses on two selected local authorities. The aim of the project is to fill a gap in the internal development of Russia after Catherine the Great s reforms, which have been studied in detail.