Taxonomies of the self. Emergence and social generalization of calculative practices in the field of self-inspection.

现代资本主义从一开始就与计算领域有着本质的联系。现代资本主义的起源依赖于复式簿记的创新（Sombart 1987 [1916]; Weber 1920; Vormbusch 2012 a）。社会学研究了管理工具，如测量和基准，作为计算的典型例子，从世纪到现在，这些工具在现代社会的经济核心中激增。自20世纪90年代以来，计算工具--新公共管理或国际教育比较（比萨）是突出的例子--逐渐扩展到教育和卫生等尚未经济化的领域。最近，我们观察到量化的第三步，随着仍然非常异质的分类法和评估实践的发展，入侵日常世界，人体和主题变得明显。与前两个阶段相反，不仅市场、组织和系统过程是计算性评估的对象。今天，受试者本身已经开始发展量化自我观察的新做法：从测量睡眠行为、身体和性活动、评估情绪变化和劳动生产率，到在互联网上分享这些数据，正在出现各种各样的计算性自我做法。该项目分析了自我评估和自我优化的实践，这些实践以前仅限于自我追踪者和自我量化者的社交圈，现在正在向社会推广。该项目根据相关评价系统（分类法）的起源和日常自我跟踪做法，探讨这种形式的自我检查。与此同时，个人自我跟踪--被理解为一种世俗的文化和实践现象--与现代工作中不受约束的绩效要求以及新兴的自我跟踪产品大众市场有关。这三个方面是解决不同的子项目，以产生一个全面的社会学理解的分类在当代社会中的自我。三个子项目将集中在两个一般性问题：首先，通过关注网络和计算的自我，我们将分析计算超越组织和市场的文化意义。通过这样做，该项目填补了目前社会学诊断中的一个空白，即缺乏对现代社会关键计算过程的参考。第二，该项目将揭示最近量化步骤的矛盾：一方面，自我检查意味着自我认识和解放的选择，可被视为一种促进会计的形式。另一方面，它通过将工具理性扩展到迄今无法估量的实体：身体和自我，威胁着个体生活的每一个方面。

From its very beginnings modern capitalism has been constitutively linked to the field of calculation. The genesis of modern capitalism depended on the innovation of double-entry bookkeeping (Sombart 1987 [1916]; Weber 1920; Vormbusch 2012a). Sociology has studied management tools like measurables and benchmarking as paradigmatic examples of calculation that proliferated in the very heart of the economy of modern societies from the 19th century to the present. Since the 1990s calculative tools - New Public Management or international educational comparisons (PISA) being prominent examples - have gradually expanded into not yet economised fields such as education and health. Recently, we observe a third step of quantification that becomes obvious with the development of still very heterogeneous taxonomies and evaluation practices that invade the everyday world, the human body and the subject. In contrast to the first two stages, not only markets, organizations, and systemic processes are the object of calculative assessments. Today, subjects themselves have already begun to develop new practices of a quantified self-observation: from the measurement of sleep behaviour, physical and sexual activity, the evaluation of changing moods and labour productivity up to the sharing of these data on the Internet, a wide range of calculative self-practices is emerging. The project analyses such practices of self-assessment and self-optimization that have previously been confined to social circles of self-trackers and self-quantifiers and that are now on the move to be socially generalized. The project explores such forms of self-inspection on the basis of the genesis of relevant evaluation systems (taxonomies) and everyday self-tracking practices. At the same time, individual self-tracking - understood as a mundane phenomenon of culture and practice - is related to unfettered performance requirements in modern work as well as the emerging mass markets for self-tracking products. These three aspects are addressed by different sub-projects in order to generate a comprehensive sociological understanding of the taxonomies of the self in contemporary society. The three sub-projects will concentrate on two general problems: First, by focussing on the networked and calculated self we will analyse the cultural significance of calculation beyond organizations and markets. In doing so, the project fills a gap in sociological diagnoses of the present that lack reference to crucial processes of calculation in modern society. Second, the project will shed light on the contradictions of the recent step of quantification: on the one hand, self-inspection implies options for self-knowledge and emancipation and could be considered as a form of enabling accounting. On the other hand, it threatens to subject every aspect of individual life by extending instrumental rationality to hitherto incalculable entities: the body and the self.