Gender roles and their outer appearance in courtesy and etiquette books of the late Ottoman period and the early Turkish Republic

欧洲入侵造成的不安全感影响了19世纪奥斯曼帝国生活的方方面面，引发了对新的社会价值观的探索，或者至少是对旧的社会价值观的改革。因此，欧洲的资产阶级礼仪变得更加重要，因为它被视为欧洲技术和文明统治的证据。日常生活中的规则受到了质疑，但人们并没有回顾自己关于礼貌和行为的传统理想，而是翻译或撰写了关于西方(主要是法国)礼仪的书籍。尽管如此，它还是适应了自己的传统价值观。当共和国成立时，这样的礼仪手册的数量增加了，而且更明确地需要西方的行为举止。不接受新规则是受到制裁的。通过这种方式，精英们描绘的正确行为图景成为普通教育的一部分。礼仪书籍通常涉及日常生活的方方面面，它们规定的内容部分是与传统惯例背道而驰的，部分是与传统惯例相反的。当然，已经习惯了如何吃或穿可能表明了一定程度的转变(现代化)。然而，公共和私人领域的性别关系似乎更重要，因为传统社会受到了它们的重塑的质疑。礼貌和礼仪规则不是空洞的礼节，它们恰恰反映了一个社会的本质。因此，我们的主要研究兴趣是奥斯曼帝国末期和民初礼仪书籍中的性别角色、性别角色的出现以及礼仪书籍中的变化。令人感兴趣的是，这些变化是对现有文化规则的现代化还是对新文化规则的创造，还是对欧洲文化的折衷适应。同时，我们也想知道礼仪书籍在多大程度上不仅能够注册，而且还能建立新的规范。它们如何反映女性和男性的有效规范，以及它们在多大程度上反映了新旧男女角色之间的紧张关系。需要处理的另一个方面是，尤其是共和党的礼仪书籍对国家建设做出了多大贡献。

The insecurity caused by European intrusion, which affected all strands of Ottoman life during the 19th century triggered a search for new social values or at least for a reform of the old ones. Therefore the European bourgeois etiquette became more important, because it was taken as proof of European technical and civilizing dominance. Rules practised in everyday life were questioned, but one did not look back to its own traditional ideals of courtesy and behaviour and translated or wrote instead books on Western, mainly French, etiquette. Still, it was adapted to one's own traditional values. When the republic was founded the number of such etiquette-books grew and western behaviour was much more decidedly required. Non-acceptance of the new rules was sanctioned. In this way the picture of right behaviour painted by the elites became part of the general education. Etiquette books generally treated all aspects of daily life, and what they prescribed was seen partly in accordance, partly in opposition to the traditional routine. Of course, already customs how to eat or to clothe may indicate a degree of transformation (modernization). However, gender relations in the public and private sphere seem to be more important, because traditional society was questioned by their remodeling. Courtesy and etiquette rules are not empty formalities, they precisely reflect the essentials of a society. Therefore, our main research interest are the gender roles, their appearance and the changes found in the courtesy and etiquette books of the late Ottoman and early Republican period. It is of interest, whether the changes can be understood as a modernization of existing or the creation of new cultural rules, or whether it is an eclectic adaptation of European culture. At the same time we would like to find out how far courtesy and etiquette books were able not only to register, but also to establish new norms. How do they reflect the valid norms for both females and males, and how far do they show the tensions between the old and new female and male roles. One more aspect to be treated is how far especially republican etiquette books contributed to nation building.