Changing Planning Cultures with the example of Shrinking Cities in Germany, the USA, and Japan

不同的制度和文化条件带来了表现出基本可比特征的空间规划体系；然而，这些规划体系是针对特定的文化、规范和空间情况而定制的。尽管在城市和区域规划中对国际观点的需求越来越大，但规划文化还不是城市和区域发展领域中的一个既定研究主题。长期以来，缩小城市规模一直是规划中的污名话题。今天在不断缩小的城市中应用的战略范围很广，包括旅游业、有针对性的拆迁(适当规模)和绿色基础设施等替代产业，仅举几例。采用正确的战略似乎对缩小城市面向未来的发展至关重要，这导致观察到，缩小城市在相同的增长条件下不起作用，但需要在与增长略有不同的范式上进行转变。本研究项目的基本假设是，城市萎缩现象提供了以比较的方式研究规划所依据的原则的可能性，并通过这种手段可以检测到规划文化的变化。不断缩小的城市提供的机会在于有可能在规划文化方面引发变化、改革甚至创新，这是本项目的研究对象。本研究项目的目的是针对德国、美国和日本不断缩小的城市，对规划体系和规划文化的变化进行比较研究，特别是1.以比较的方式分析与城市收缩相关的规划策略和工具及其原因；2.发现收缩过程中规划文化的变化与社会变化之间的相互依存关系；3.基于对规划文化背景的比较，得出面向未来的收缩城市发展的假设。基于比较规划的方法和将在该项目内开发的分析框架，将在嵌入的案例研究中调查三个案例研究城市。波鸿/德国、克利夫兰/美国和长崎/日本将被选为案例研究城市，因为这三个城市在萎缩路径、人口发展和经济结构方面都显示出类似的条件。

Differing institutional and cultural conditions have brought about spatial planning systems that show basic comparable features; however, these planning systems are tailored to specific cultural, normative, and spatial situations. Despite the growing demand for an international viewpoint in urban and regional planning, planning cultures is not (yet) an established research topic in the sphere of urban and regional development. Shrinking cities has been a stigmatized topic in planning for a long time. The range of strategies being applied in shrinking cities today is broad and it comprises substitute industries such as tourism, targeted demolitions (right-sizing), and green infrastructure, just to mention a few. Applying the right strategies seems to be fundamental for the future-oriented development of shrinking cities, leading to the observation that shrinking cities does not work under the same conditions of growth, but would require a shift in paradigm somewhat different from growth. Basic hypothesis of this research project is that the phenomenon of shrinking cities offers the possibility to investigate the principles planning is based upon in a comparative mode, and by this means changes in planning cultures can be detected. The chance offered by shrinking cities lies in the potential to trigger changes, reforms, even innovations in planning cultures, which is the research object for this project. Aims of this research project is the comparative investigation of changes in planning systems and planning cultures in view of shrinking cities in Germany, the USA, and Japan, in particular 1. to analyze planning strategies and -instruments connected with urban shrinkage and its causes in a comparative mode, 2. to detect interdependencies between changes in planning cultures and societal changes in the wake of shrinkage processes, 3. to derive hypotheses for both the future oriented development of shrinking cities, and the development of planning cultures based on the comparison of planning cultural settings. Based on methods of comparative planning and an analytical framework to be developed within the project, three case study cities will be investigated in an embedded case study. Bochum/ Germany, Cleveland/ USA and Nagasaki/ Japan will be chosen as case study cities, as all three show comparable conditions in terms of paths of shrinkage, population development, and economic structures.