Legal aspects of criminal proceedings concerning international core crimes in criminal courts of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina; with focus on questions of individual criminal liability and sentencing issues.

该项目的重点是分析塞尔维亚和波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那国家刑事法院对1991年至1995年塞尔维亚内战期间所犯国际核心罪行的刑事判决。 分析集中于个人刑事责任的模式，同时对个人量刑进行系统的审查，该项目集中于涉及复杂参与模式的刑事判决，特别是与集体犯罪事业共同行动或在集体犯罪事业范围内行动的犯罪人，或其所作的贡献大大促进了集体犯罪事业的犯罪目的的犯罪人。该项目讨论了个人刑事责任的传统模式和新模式，（特别是共同犯罪事业和指挥责任）：该项目审查㈠习惯国际法中发展的个人刑事责任模式是否被国家法院接受为符合宪法要求和人权的合法模式; ㈡传统的国家个人刑事责任模式（即犯罪者和参与者）足以描述参与国家犯罪所涉及的刑事不公正的所有方面和层面，冲突后社会评估参与集体有组织大规模犯罪的犯罪人的个人刑事责任的条件。有关的协调中心是波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那法院及其第一科（战争罪特别分庭）。该法院是该区域唯一适用特别国际责任模式的法院，如共同犯罪事业和指挥责任（即使仅适用于危害人类罪）。通过分析个人刑事责任的模式，该项目旨在阐明1991年至1995年塞尔维亚内战期间集体犯下的大规模罪行的复杂情况的具体方面。 目前，犯罪学辩论的重点是如何将对国家犯罪如何产生的不同解释联系起来（从微观、中观和宏观角度进行阐述），以便全面了解导致国际核心罪行的宏观犯罪活动。犯罪学辩论一方面关注犯罪的宏观犯罪背景，但也关注个人对犯罪的贡献，并试图界定个人对犯罪行为的不同程度的责任，塞尔维亚和波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那国家法院的判决，特别是波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那法院的判决，大部分可在网上查阅。我们将分部分翻译这些判决（关于责任和判刑方式）， 编制相应的分析图表，与法律的从业人员进行面谈，并尽可能起草一份个性化量刑的示范表格。

The project focuses on analyzing criminal judgements by national criminal courts of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina on international core crimes committed in the Yugoslavian Civil War of 1991 to 1995. The analysis concentrates on the modes of individual criminal liability, accompanied by a systematic examination of individual sentencing.The project centers on criminal judgements that deal with complex modes of participation, in particular with perpetrators who acted together with or in the context of a collective criminal enterprise or whose contributions substantially furthered the criminal purposes of a collective criminal enterprise.On the basis of these judgements the project discusses traditional and new modes of individual criminal liability (in particular Joint Criminal Enterprise and Command Responsibility).The project examines whether(i) the modes of individual criminal liability that have been developed in customary international law are accepted by national courts as legitimate in the light of constitutional demands and human rights ;(ii) the traditional national modes of individual criminal liability (i.e. perpetrator and participant) are sufficient to depict all aspects and dimensions of the criminal injustice involved in participating in state crimes, and (iii) the terms according to which a post-conflict society assess the individual criminal responsibility of a perpetrator involved in collectively organized mass crimes. The focal point of interest is the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its Section I (the Special Chamber for War Crimes). This Court is the only court in the region that applies special international modes of responsibility like Joint Criminal Enterprise and Command Responsibility (even if only to crimes against humanity). By analyzing modes of individual criminal responsibility the project intends to illuminate specific aspects of the complex picture of collectively commited mass crimes during the Yugoslavian Civil War of 1991 to 1995. The criminological debate currently focuses on how to link the different explanations of how state crime emerges (developed from a micro, meso and macro perspective) in order to develop an overall picture of the macro-criminal activities that result in international core crimes. The criminological debate is, on the one hand, interested in the macro-criminal context of the crimes, but also in the individual contribution to the crime, and it attempts to define different degrees of individual responsibility for the criminal act.The judgements of the national courts of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and in particular the judgements of the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, are for the most part available online. We will translate these judgements in parts (concerning modes of liability and sentencing), compile corresponding analysis charts, conduct interviews with legal practitioners and - insofar as possible - draft a model form for individualized sentencing.