Sprachliche Differenz zwischen Unterscheidung und Ereignis (Jakobson, Luhmann, Humboldt, Gadamer, Heidegger)

在20世纪初，语言对（哲学）思维的影响不再以症状和符号的形式被报道，而是作为“见证人”——也就是说，对这种知识的第一次科学反思出现了——语言或符号的定义已经被视为与差异的定义不可分割。这当然不是偶然的。当时，语言，甚至在它成为这些科学反思的主体之前，就已经被理解为一种差异，事实上，这种现象的发生，并没有出现这种概念联系能够与有意识的基础行为联系起来的奇怪现象——或者任何一种开始的理论。语言并不是突然成为人们感兴趣的对象或人们关注的焦点。相反，它的影响被认为是一个已经过去的事件，但在现在仍然是潜在的和形成的，虽然肯定有不同的解释，但却是共同经历的；虽然它肯定不能不加评论，但它抵制了叙事的时间因果顺序及其区别。与此同时，语言本身——带有侵入性的经验——在逃避；它作为一种差别退回到自身，就在它作为一个主体出现和出现的那一刻，它消失了。当我们从这个角度考虑20世纪语言定义的历史（无论是成功还是衰落的故事），或者我们将其视为对潜在事件的回答时，可以更好地理解语言定义与差异之间相互依存的真理-在文本中可以证明。本文的目的是通过仔细阅读典范作品（罗曼·雅各布森、尼古拉斯·卢曼、威廉·冯·洪堡、汉斯-乔治·伽达默尔和马丁·海德格尔等人的作品）来检验上述假设，或者，在这些文本中追求语言的相互依存和差异。

It is certainly no accident that, at the start of the twentieth century, as the effect of language on (philosophical) thinking was no longer reported in terms of symptoms and signs, but rather as having "witnesses" that is, as the first scientific reflections on this knowledgeappeared, - the definition of language or of the sign was already being seen as inseparable from the definition of the difference. At the time, language, even before it could become the subject of these scientific reflections, was already understood as a type of difference, and indeed this occurred without the strange appearance of this conceptual connection being able to be linked to a conscious act of foundation - or any sort of starting theory. Language did not suddenly arise as an object of interest or subject at the centre of attention. Rather, its effect was felt as an event that was already past but still latent and formative in the present, which, while certainly interpreteddifferently, was experienced together; while it certainly cannot be left uncommented on, it resists the temporal-causal order of the narrative and its distinctions. At the same time, language itself - with its intrusive experience - evades; it retreats back into itself as a difference and disappears just at the moment in which it as such appears and arises as a subject. When we consider the twentieth century history (whether a story of success or decline) of the definition of language from this point of view, or we read it as an answer to a latent event, the truth - demonstrable textually - of the interdependence of the definition of language with difference can be better understood. The goal of the present paper is to put the above-formulated hypotheses to the test through a close reading of exemplary works (by Roman Jakobson, Niklas Luhmann, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Hans-Georg Gadamer, and Martin Heidegger, among others),or, alternatively, to pursue the interdependence of language and difference in these texts.