The Portrayal of Late-Medieval Monks and Nuns in Satirical Texts

僧侣和尼姑的不道德行为——毕竟，他们应该过着最高美德的生活——引起了批评、嘲笑和嘲弄。在整个欧洲中世纪，讽刺作品是批评修道院纪律失败的首选文学媒介。尽管这种讽刺批评的传播量很大，但其内容、读者群和机制却没有受到现代学者的重视。因此，此应用程序的目的是开发一个项目，该项目将允许系统地分析讽刺文本中对中世纪修道主义的批评。该项目将侧重于用韵文和散文写的拉丁讽刺作品，同时也包括白话（德语）讽刺作品的重要例子，以便进行比较。该项目以讽刺论文作者表达对当代宗教生活的批评的方式为中心问题，特别是将突出他们发现的问题，并研究这些缺点是如何表现出来的。考虑到对宗教团体的批评，对讽刺文本的分析将为中世纪宗教生活的研究做出重大贡献。在这方面，14和15世纪提供了一个特别有前途的研究领域，因为这一时期讽刺作品的数量越来越多，而且许多传统的，前乞丐秩序在中世纪晚期经历了危机的症状。鉴于宗教团体成员和“外部”批评者都看到了衰落的迹象，以及乞丐的成功，在这一时期，对这些团体的有用性和être的理由的怀疑变得特别严重。因此，该项目将主要集中在针对僧侣、尼姑和常规教规的传统社区的讽刺攻击上。该项目的第一阶段将是对有关来源的调查，即对所谓的僧侣和尼姑放荡的讽刺表现，以便可以选择具有代表性的讽刺样本，包括针对修道院机构的文本以及对社会等级制度的更普遍的批评（庄园讽刺），其中包含关于男性或女性宗教社区的段落。下面的分析将从反修道院讽刺作品的对象、主题和结构开始，并考察其教学目的。将特别注意对女性宗教生活的讽刺描写。这项工作的主要目的是强调通过讽刺反映的对宗教秩序的具体批评看法，并将它们与中世纪晚期更广泛的改革话语联系起来。

The immoral behavior of monks and nuns - who were, after all, supposed to lead a life of highest virtue - gave rise to criticism, derision, and mockery. Throughout the European Middle Ages, satires constituted a preferred literary medium for criticizing failures of monastic discipline. Despite their enormous dissemination, the contents of such satirical criticism, its readership and its mechanisms have not received much attention by modern scholars. The aim of this application, therefore, is to develop a project which will allow systematic analysis of the criticism of medieval monasticism in satirical texts. The project will focus on Latin satires written in verse and prose, with significant examples of vernacular (German) satires also being included for the purpose of comparison. The project is guided by the central question of the way in which the authors of satirical treatises voiced criticism on contemporary religious life and in particular will highlight the problems that they identified and examine how these shortcomings were represented. By taking into consideration the criticism directed religious communities, the analysis of satirical texts will provide a significant contribution to the study of the vita religiosa in the Middle Ages. In that regard, the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries offer a particularly promising field of study due to the growing number of satires in the period and the fact that many of the traditional, pre-mendicant orders experienced symptoms of crisis in the Late Middle Ages. Given the signs of decline - perceived both by members of religious orders and 'external' critics - as well as the success of the mendicants, doubts concerning the usefulness and raison d'être of these orders became particularly acute in this period. The project will thus primarily focus on satirical attacks directed toward traditional communities of monks, nuns, and regular canons. The first stage of the project will be a survey of relevant sources, i.e. satirical representations of the alleged debauchery of monks and nuns, so that a representative sample of satires can be chosen, including texts directed against monastic institutions as well as more general criticism of social hierarchies (estate satires) which contain passages on male or female religious communities. The following analysis will begin with questions concerning the objects, main topics, and structure of anti-monastic satire and an examination regarding didactic objectives. Special attention will be paid to the satirical depictions of female religious life. The primary aim of the work is to emphasize specific critical perceptions of religious orders as reflected by satire and to relate them to broader discourse of reform in the Late Middle Ages.