SFB 1316: Transient atmospheric plasmas - from plasmas to liquids to solids

合作研究中心（CRC） 1316“瞬态大气等离子体——从等离子体到液体到固体”的主要目标是通过将非平衡大气压等离子体与催化、电解和生物催化相结合，实现灵活的能量和质量效率的物种转换方案。因此，将提供灵活的解决方案，作为在分散情况下使用可再生能源的基础。使用等离子体进行物种转换显示出高能量密度和非常灵活的控制可能性的优势，这允许创建非常不同大小和规模的系统以及响应不同物种输入的控制方案。等离子体在大气压下的非平衡特性由大气流或短脉冲激励控制，以确保强冷却机制，或两者的结合。这可以推广到通过应用和组合不同的激励频率和方案来调整电场的可变波形。因此，可以调整各种所需的等离子体化学或发射模式。与表面的强耦合意味着催化活性表面与等离子体体中的化学物质进行了非常直接的交换。特别是，非平衡大气压等离子体最适合与液体或固体接触。许多问题需要回答，例如如何在一系列不同的气体混合物中达到并保持稳定的大气压非平衡放电，或者如何有效地将产生的物质从等离子体输送到催化活性表面。此外，化学非平衡反应路径与平衡热化学有很大的不同，物质和能量的转移发生在不同的长度和时间尺度上。CRC 1316通过结合等离子体物理、表面物理、化学、生物技术和工程方面的专业知识来解决这些挑战。CRC 1316在纳秒和秒之间的时间尺度上解决了各种物理系统的非平衡瞬态大气等离子体的基本原理，例如纳秒尺度上的等离子体激发，纳秒到微秒尺度上旋转振动状态下电子激发的转换以及气相碰撞可能的淬火。最后，在毫秒到秒的时间尺度上研究了物种向围表面的迁移和流动模式。此外，CRC 1316在纳米和毫米之间的空间尺度上解决了各种物理系统的非平衡瞬态大气等离子体的基本原理，例如纳米级的反应性表面结构，在氧化金属或等离子体流带和微米级液体中的等离子体上触发催化反应。

The main goal of the Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) 1316 “Transient atmospheric plasmas – from plasmas to liquids to solids” is the realisation of flexible energy and mass efficient species conversion schemes by combining non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasmas with catalysis, with electrolysis, and with biocatalysis. Thereby, flexible solutions will be provided as a building block for the use of renewable energies in decentralised scenarios. The use of plasma for species conversion exhibits the advantage of a high energy density and very flexible control possibilities, which allows the creation of systems of very different sizes and scales as well as control schemes to respond to varying species input.The non-equilibrium character of plasmas at atmospheric pressure is controlled by large gas flows or by short pulsed excitation assuring strong cooling mechanisms, or a combination of both. This is generalised to variable waveform tailoring of the electric fields by applying and combining different excitation frequencies and schemes. Thereby, a huge variety of desired plasma chemistries or emission patterns can be adjusted. The strong coupling to surfaces implies a very direct exchange of catalytically active surfaces with the chemistry in the plasma bulk. Especially, non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasmas are optimally suited for bringing them in contact with liquids or solids. Many questions need to be answered such as how to reach and maintain a stable atmospheric pressure non-equilibrium discharge in a range of different gas mixtures or how to efficiently transport the produced species from the plasma to the catalytically active surface. In addition, the chemical non-equilibrium reaction routes differ strongly from equilibrium thermal chemistry and the transfer of species and energy occurs on vastly different length and time scales.The CRC 1316 addresses these challenges by combining expertise in plasma physics, surface physics, chemistry, biotechnology, and engineering. The CRC 1316 addresses the fundamentals of non-equilibrium transient atmospheric plasmas on timescales between nanoseconds and seconds for the various physical systems such as plasma excitation on the nanosecond scale, the conversion of the electronic excitation in rotational-vibrational states on the nanosecond to microsecond scale and the possible quenching by gas phase collisions. Finally, the transport of species to the confining surfaces and the flow patterns are investigated on timescales between milliseconds to seconds. Furthermore, the CRC 1316 addresses the fundamentals of non-equilibrium transient atmospheric plasmas on spatial scales between nanometres and millimetres for the various physical systems such as nanometre sized reactive surface structures, triggering catalytic reactions on oxidised metals or plasma streamers and plasmas in liquids on the micrometre scale.