Palaeomechanical investigations concerning the coherence of injury patterns and weapon efficiency on the basis of bronze-age human bones and weapons.

有许多史前人类骨骼的损伤模式是由人际暴力造成的。作为DFG资助的项目(JA 1835-2)的一部分，调查了Tollenstal(梅克伦堡-西波美拉尼亚)青铜时代早期的大规模冲突，对各种损伤进行了人类学检查。然而，导致创伤的复杂和高度动态的过程很难仅用保守的或实验的方法来确定。因此，从2012年开始，制定了一个方法过程(古力学)，说明影响骨骼的外部机械力与具体的损伤模式以及所使用的武器类型之间的关系。一套跨学科的非破坏性分析方法被转化为有效的工作流程并成功应用。这些方法包括与有限元分析(FEA)有关的3D成像分析和3D重建，有限元分析最初用于工程科学领域。除其他方面外，有限元分析能够从数字上验证或证伪有关伤害过程和武器效率的初始假设。为了获得更多的考古知识，对青铜时代出土文物的古力学调查进行更广泛的研究，目的是在具有代表性的材料基础上使这一工作流程标准化。这样获得的数据将用于制定诊断标准，以区分与造成这些伤害的武器有关的具体伤害模式、可能使用的防护装甲和所用的力量以及射击距离。这不仅有助于重建史前冲突和解决进一步的考古问题，而且还为法医领域的伤害过程分析提供了新的基础。

There are numerous prehistoric human bones with injury patterns caused by interpersonal violence. As part of the DFG-funded project (JA 1835-2) investigating an early Bronze Age mass-conflict in the Tollensetal (Mecklenburg-West Pomerania), various lesions were examined anthropologically. Nevertheless, the complicated and highly dynamic processes which led to traumata are very difficult to determine using only conservative or experimental methods. Hence beginning in 2012 a methodological process (Palaeomechanics) was developed, which represents the relations between the external mechanical forces affecting the bone and specific injury patterns, as well as the weapon types used. A transdisciplinary suite of non-destructive methods of analysis was transformed into an effective workflow and applied successfully. The methods cover 3D-Imaging-Analysis and 3D-Reconstructions in connection with Finite Element Analysis (FEA), originally used in the field of engineering sciences. The FEA enables, among other aspects, to numerically verify or falsify initial hypotheses concerning injury processes and weapon efficiency. In order to generate further archaeological knowledge, a wider study of palaeomechanic investigations of Bronze-Age finds aims to standardize this workflow on the basis of a representative material base. The data thus obtained will be used for the development of diagnostic criteria for the differentiation of specific injury patterns in relation to the weapons which caused them, the possible use of protective armour and the applied strength, as well as the shooting-distances. This will not only help in reconstructing prehistoric conflicts and addressing further archaeological issues, but also offers a new basis for the analysis of injury processes in the field of Forensic Science.