The remains of a Bronze Age violent conflict (ca. 1200 BC) in the Tollense valley, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, in the light of archaeological and anhropological research

根据考古学和人类学研究，梅克伦堡-前波美拉尼亚托伦斯山谷的青铜时代暴力冲突（约公元前 1200 年）的遗迹

• 批准号: 175097944
• 负责人: Dr. Detlef Jantzen
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2009-12-31 至 2016-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/175097944?language=en
• 关键词: remains; Bronze; Age; violent; conflict

During the 1990s two wooden weapons, together with human skeletal remains and horse bones, were discovered in the Tollense Valley north of Altenteptow (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern). Traces of violence on the human remains, dated to around 1300 calBC, demonstrate the exceptional character of the archaeological material. Since 2010 intensive research by an interdisciplinary team has been conducted on several sites in the area, following the thesis that the finds represent the remains of a Bronze Age violent conflict. Surveys and excavations on land, systematic underwater surveys and metal detector prospections as well as anthropological analyses, geoscientific and botanical studies and further scientific investigations helped to characterise the find area and the exceptionally well preserved finds. Accordingly, horse and human bones, often found together with arrowheads, are represented in a stretch of river 2.5 km long (linear distance). The human remains documented so far go back to more than 120 individuals, primarily young men; all in all, several hundred individuals are likely to be assumed for the river valley as a whole. The bodies, together with weapons, e.g. wooden clubs and arrowheads, were originally deposited in the bed or shallow areas of the river and later slightly relocated by fluvial processes. The unusual composition of the material and the exceptional rate of injuries indicate that the initial deposition of the find material goes back to a major violent incident. Valuable finds and heavily injured individuals raise the question, whether ritual acts could have influenced the formation of the find layer. Concerning the great number of individuals represented and the remarkable quantity of bronze objects (period II-III) a possible role of the Tollense Valley in Bronze Age trade can be discussed. This hypothesis is emphasised by evidence for a valley crossing a few hundred metres further south: Remains of a wooden construction dating to 1400-1200 calBC and a trackway dating to the 18th century calBC indicate a route established over centuries. Probably the valley crossing, connected to the importance of the Tollense Valley in Bronze Age infrastructure, can be seen as a reason for a violent conflict of a scale hitherto unknown for the period. Following a preliminary projection we can imagine that originally 3000-6000 combatants were participating in the conflict. Healed lesions indicate considerable experience with violence during several individuals lives, raising the question, whether a professional background should be assumed. Considering the dimensions as well as scientific evidence for individuals of heterogeneous origins, the conflict in the Tollense Valley seems to have been of supraregional importance in a time of transition in Europe.

在20世纪90年代，在Altenteptow（梅克伦堡-沃尔波梅尔恩）北部的Tolkenburg山谷发现了两件木制武器，以及人类骨骼遗骸和马骨。人类遗骸上的暴力痕迹，可追溯到公元前1300年左右，证明了考古材料的特殊性质。自2010年以来，一个跨学科团队对该地区的几个遗址进行了深入研究，认为这些发现代表了青铜时代暴力冲突的遗迹。陆地上的调查和挖掘、系统的水下调查和金属探测器勘探以及人类学分析、地球科学和植物学研究以及进一步的科学调查有助于确定发现区和保存完好的发现物。因此，马和人的骨头，经常与箭头一起发现，在一段2.5公里长的河流中（直线距离）。到目前为止，有记录的人类遗骸可追溯到120多人，主要是年轻男子;总的来说，整个河谷可能有几百人。这些尸体连同武器，如木棍和箭头，最初被弃置在河床或浅水区，后来因河流作用而略有移动。材料的不寻常成分和异常的受伤率表明，发现材料的最初沉积可以追溯到一次重大暴力事件。有价值的发现和严重受伤的人提出了一个问题，仪式行为是否可能影响发现层的形成。考虑到大量的个人代表和青铜器对象（第二至第三阶段）的显着数量，可以讨论Tolerance山谷在青铜时代贸易中的可能作用。这一假设得到了更往南几百米处有一个山谷的证据的支持：公元前1400-1200年的木结构建筑遗迹和公元前世纪的轨道表明这条路线是几个世纪以来建立的。也许，穿越山谷，连接到青铜时代基础设施的重要性，Tolerance山谷，可以被视为一个暴力冲突的规模迄今为止未知的时期的原因。根据初步预测，我们可以想象，最初有3000-6000名战斗人员参加了冲突。愈合的损伤表明在几个人的生活中有相当多的暴力经历，这就提出了一个问题，是否应该假设有专业背景。考虑到不同出身的个人的规模和科学证据，在欧洲的转型时期，托利党山谷的冲突似乎具有超区域的重要性。