Averroes as a Physician: Intellectual and Social Contexts of Medicine in Al-Andalus

当谈论医学在12世纪安达卢西亚宫廷背景下的重要性时，阿威罗伊（1126 - 1198）的个人和作品为讨论提供了一个有价值的起点。我们不仅对这位作者和他的著作了如指掌，我们还能够在阿尔莫哈德法院更广泛的社会背景下了解他的生活。因此，有可能在Almohad背景下实现对医学的新见解，在这种背景下，医疗活动对公众产生了影响，迄今为止，我们并不知道很多细节。这一努力特别有趣，因为阿威罗埃的作品与世纪阿尔莫哈德统治者所规定的知识和政治框架密不可分。阿威罗的学术活动只能理解的背景下，阿尔莫哈德的关注，以距离自己的学术话语的伊斯兰东方提供一些新的东西。对于医学来说，这主要意味着对著名的阿维森纳医学百科全书《al-Qānn fül-bür伊布》的内容进行界定。另一方面，在安达卢西亚，它自己的东西被创造出来，作为对东方伊斯兰经文的某种“回答”。因此，根据第一阶段的资助结果，为了进一步开展本项目的工作，出现了一个基本问题，即Averroes设计“安达卢西亚医学”的背景和程序及其知识环境。本文的主要重点将放在阿威罗伊对阿维森纳的医学诗（Urjalizza）的评论以及阿威罗伊的Theriak论文上，因为正是在这两篇文章中，阿威罗伊深入探讨了伊斯兰东部地区医学文献中的立场。这两个文本在拉丁文和希伯来文的学术背景下接收也将在这里感兴趣。第二步，将在Almohad法院环境中进行这些学术讨论。医学教学诗的文学教学形式，在安达卢西亚非常流行，在这里将发挥特殊的作用，以及关于宫廷学术会议的重要性的问题。这样一项研究的潜力在于不仅有可能扩大对阿威罗的知识，而且还可以将这些发现置于更广泛的知识和政治背景下。这将允许回答的问题，医学是如何实践在安达卢西亚在12世纪世纪作为一门科学，并把它与伊斯兰东方的学术活动。它还将阐明在何种程度上阿尔莫哈德统治者不仅促进了这些学术话语，但也工具化他们关于他们的政治纲领。

When talking about the importance of medicine in the courtly context of 12th century Andalusia, the person and works of Averroes (1126 - 1198) offer a valuable starting point for discussion. Not only are we well informed about this author and his writings, we are also able to situate his life in the broader social context of the Almohad court. Thus, the possibility is enabled of achieving new insights on medicine in Almohad contexts in which medical activity had a public impact of which, hitherto, we did not know much of in detail. This endeavour is particularly interesting because Averroes’ œuvre is inextricably linked to the intellectual and political framework as dictated by the Almohad rulers of the 12th century. The scholarly activity of Averroes can only be understood against the background of the Almohad’s concern to distance themselves from the academic discourses of the Islamic East by offering something new. For medicine, this primarily means a delimitation of the contents of al-Qānūn fī l-ṭibb, the famous medical encyclopedia of Avicenna. In Andalusia, on the other hand, something of its own was created as an "answer" of sorts to the Eastern Islamic texts. Therefore, based on the results developed in the first funding phase, for the further work of this project, the fundamental question arises as to the background and the program for the design of an "Andalusian medicine" by Averroes and his intellectual environment. The main focus hereby will lay on Averroes' Commentary on Avicenna’s medical poem (Urjūza) as well as on Averroes' Theriak treatise because it is in both of these texts that Averroes deals intensively with positions in medical literature as they arose in the eastern Islamic region. The reception of these two texts in Latin and Hebrew academic contexts will also be of interest here. In a second step, these intellectual discussions will be situated in the Almohad court environment. The literary-didactic form of the medical didactic poem, which was quite popular in Andalusia, will play a special role here, as well as questions about the importance of courtly learned meetings. The potential of such a study lies in the possibility not only to expand the knowledge about Averroes but also to put these findings in a broader intellectual and political context. This will allow answers to the question of how medicine was practiced in Andalusia in the 12th century as a science and put it in contrast to the scholarly activities of the Islamic East. It will also elucidate to what extent the Almohad rulers not only promoted these learned discourses but also instrumentalized them with regard to their political program.