How power affects climate policy implementation:Conceptual reflections and empirical findings from Southeast Asia

应对气候变化及其跨界影响远远超出各国政府的控制范围，需要协调努力。需要考虑来自不同部门和不同管辖级别的众多日益相互依赖的国家和非国家行为者。因此，调节或治理气候变化是一个高度复杂的、包罗万象的社会挑战。多层次或多中心治理等概念承认这种复杂性，强调参与和协调的必要性--特别是在解决全球环境问题方面。多层次治理研究已成为政治学中一个充满活力的研究领域。然而，两个缺点是典型的：1。虽然权力关系、斗争和冲突是有效执行环境政策的核心，但权力在这一领域的作用很少被明确概念化。令人惊讶的是，很少提到传统的权力理论。2.多层次治理概念主要是在欧洲范围内讨论的，发展中国家的见解很少。拟议的项目旨在解决这两个差距。本研究旨在进一步发展基于权力的气候变化多层次治理方法，并将其应用于印度尼西亚和菲律宾的气候政策执行领域。为了回答不同形式的权力（资源、能力和结构要素）如何影响新兴经济体的气候政策执行，本研究分为三个连续部分：1.基于早期对基于权力的多层次治理方法的思考，该框架将得到扩展并纳入气候变化的背景下（概念阶段）。2.在定性方法的帮助下，该框架将应用于印度尼西亚和菲律宾的气候政策执行。两国都制定了渐进的气候行动计划，但其实施仍然是一个巨大的挑战（经验阶段）。3.基于权力的多层次治理方法将得到批判性的反映。研究结果将与气候治理和低碳发展相关的更广泛的辩论相联系（反思阶段）。该项目旨在展示如何将权力融入多层次治理概念，以丰富其分析深度。从经验上讲，该项目不仅将绘制印度尼西亚和菲律宾复杂的气候治理安排，还将追踪分散的电力资源、能力分布和司法管辖区间协调问题如何影响单一但高度分散的新兴经济体的气候政策实施。最终，该项目旨在促进关于权力作用的辩论，不仅在多层次治理研究中，而且在科学技术研究和可持续性转型研究中。

Tackling climate change and dealing with its transboundary effects is far beyond the control of national governments and requires coordinated efforts. Numerous increasingly interdependent state- and non-state actors from different sectors and at different jurisdictional levels need to be considered. Thus, regulating or governing climate change represents a highly complex all-encompassing societal challenge. Concepts like multi-level or polycentric governance acknowledge that complexity and emphasize the need for participation and coordination - in particular for solving global environmental problems.Multi-level governance research has become a vibrant field of study in political science. Yet, two shortcomings are characteristic: 1. Although power relations, struggles and conflicts are central for effective environmental policy implementation, the role of power in this domain has been rarely explicitly conceptualized. Surprisingly little references are made to traditional power theories. 2. Multi-level governance concepts have been largely discussed within the European context with few insights from the developing world. The proposed project aims to address both gaps. It seeks to further develop a power-based multi-level governance approach for the field of climate change and apply it to the field of climate policy implementation in Indonesia and the Philippines.To answer how different forms of power (in terms of resources, capacities and structural elements) affect climate policy implementation in emerging economies, this research is divided into three consecutive parts: 1. Based on earlier reflections about a power-based multi-level governance approach, the framework will be expanded and put into the context of climate change (conceptual phase). 2. With the help of qualitative methods, the framework will then be applied to climate policy implementation in Indonesia and the Philippines. Both countries have formulated progressive climate action plans, but their implementation remains a great challenge (empirical phase). 3. The power-based multi-level governance approach will then be critically reflected. Results will be linked to broader debates related to climate governance and low carbon development (reflexive phase).The project aims to demonstrate how power can be integrated into multi-level governance concepts to enrich their analytical depth. Empirically, the project will not only map complex climate governance arrangements in Indonesia and the Philippines, but also trace how fragmented power resources, the distribution of capacities and issues of interjurisdictional coordination affect climate policy implementation in both unitary, but heavily decentralized emerging economies. Eventually, the project aims to contribute to the debate about the role of power not only in multi-level governance research, but also in science and technology studies and sustainability transitions research.