Pornography and Sexual Self-Determination

本研究项目旨在对与色情有关的刑法进行基本批判。争论的中心是随之而来的对成年人和未成年人的性自决权的保障。色情的法律概念是模糊的，很大程度上是由道德决定的，并不总是指对性自决的威胁或侵犯。以性为导向的描述即使不是露骨的也包括在内，因为它们涉及与色情有关的刑法、其他刑法规范和法律-政治辩论。根据这一分析的见解，将提出对性描写的惩罚标准和对性描写的系统法律规制，从而保障性自决的权利。对于色情法律概念的批判，女权主义者反对和支持色情和色情研究领域的立场（自20世纪90年代以来一直在发展）将是富有成效的，因为它们从科学的基础上阐述了关于色情的辩论的两极，并包括性别的维度。此外，最近出现的以性为导向的描绘现象将会受到质疑，这些现象在英语国家的辩论中被定义为基于图像的性虐待，例如对未成年人生殖器的性挑逗表现、撩裙、复仇色情或鸡巴图片。在德国刑法中，它们部分被定为色情，部分以其他方式定为犯罪，并且在一定程度上，它们只是作为侵犯性自决权利的社会问题。基于图像的性侵犯的概念将在德国的辩论中得到讨论。对色情制品和其他色情描绘的法律风险评估的分析，是基于过去十年对色情制品的影响和使用的研究，以及构成基于图像的性虐待概念基础的实证研究。所有这些实证研究将提供给德国刑法辩论。

This research project is aimed at a basic critique of the criminal law relating to pornography. In the center of the argumentation stands the consequent guarantee of the right of sexual self-determination of adult and minor persons. The legal concept of pornography is vague, largely morally determined and does not consistently refer to a threat or violation of sexual self-determination. Sexually-oriented depictions are included even if they are not sexually explicit, because they are involved in criminal law related to pornography, in other norms of criminal law and in the legal-political debates. On the basis of the insights of this analysis, criteria for the punishability of sexually-oriented depictions and a systematic legal regulation of sexual depictions which consequently guarantees the right of sexual self-determination will be suggested.For the critique of the legal concept of pornography, the feminist positions against and for pornography and the field of porn studies (which have been developing since the 1990s) will be made productive because they have expounded the poles of the debate about pornography from a scientific foundation and include the dimension of gender. In addition, more recent phenomena of sexually-oriented depictions will be problematized which are conceptualized in the Anglophone debates as image-based sexual abuse such as sexually provocative representations of the genitals of minors, upskirting, revenge porn or dick pics. In German criminal law they are partly criminalized as pornography and partly in other ways, and, to a certain extent, they are merely socially problematized as a violation of the right to sexual self-determination. The concept of image-based sexual abuse will be taken up in the German debate. The analysis of the legal risk assessments on pornography and other sexually-oriented depictions rests on the research into the effects and use of pornography over the last 10 years, and on the empirical studies which form the basis of the concept of image-based sexual abuse. All of these empirical studies will be made accessible to the German criminal law debate.