Anti-Establishment Politics in Europe: Issue Entrepreneurship, Voting Patterns and Counter-System Strategies of Representation

本项目的主要目标是探索右翼、左翼和中间反建制政党(AEP)问题创业战略背后的反系统话语的模式、机制和代表性作用。这一重点的经验相关性源于这样一种观察，即在整个欧洲，这些AEP不仅提高了主流知名度，扩大了其选举吸引力，而且使其发行供应的合法化多样化。他们不仅把自己描绘成不满的工具，还把自己描绘成具体政治变革的可行推动者。因此，本研究将注意力转向反建制政党的积极政治机构，以及为证明主流政治和代议制民主的意识形态供应以及反建制投票模式的合理性而对主流政治和代议制民主去合法化和重新合法化的叙事的研究不足。当AEP要求一个不同的/更好的民主时，他们实际上意味着什么？这些不同的行为者如何利用反系统主张以不同的方式使其问题立场合法化？这些叙事对主流议题、政治挑战者的创业策略和反建制代表诉求的主观认知有何作用？为了回答这些问题，该项目使用了比较政党政治的跨学科性质，并将民主代表制和选举行为研究中对反建制政治的观点与政治传播和社会运动研究固有的框架范式相结合。该项目的中心假设是，通过战略性地将特定的反系统债权嵌入其发行供应中，AEP可以修改其发行的头寸和价位吸引力。因此，他们建立了一种主观看法，认为他们的供应既是一种独特和可行的政治变革的代表性工具，能够取代现有的政党，也能够固定代议制民主。问题和框架与反体制创业代表战略的具体结合被进一步认为是一种启发式线索，调解了反建制投票动机背后的真诚或抗议性格。拟议的单一比较框架的两个分析步骤结合了对在线媒体和社交媒体中AEP话语的计算机辅助定性框架分析和对反建制投票行为背后的模式的定量分析。拟议项目的创新概念重点有助于对政治挑战者将反建制机构纳入主流及其对欧洲政党制度中政治代表性质的影响作出系统的分析解释和更深入的经验理解。因此，探讨AEP代表的反制度战略将有助于更好地理解当代代议制民主国家面临的挑战。

The main objective of this project is to explore the patterns, mechanisms and representational role of counter-system discourse behind issue entrepreneurial strategies of right, left and also centre anti-establishment parties (AEPs). The empirical relevance of this focus derives from the observation that across Europe these AEPs not only gain increased mainstream visibility and broaden their electoral appeal, but also diversify the legitimization of their issue supply. They portray themselves not merely as instruments of discontent, but also as viable agents of specific political change. This study hence turns attention to active political agency of anti-establishment parties and the underresearched role of narratives that de- and re-legitimize mainstream politics and representative democracy for the justification of their ideological supply as well as for patterns of anti-establishment vote. What do AEPs actually mean when they demand a different/better democracy? How do these various actors use counter-system claims to diversely legitimize their issue positions? Which role do these narratives play for the mainstreaming issue entrepreneurial strategies of political challengers and the subjective perceptions of anti-establishment representative appeal? To answer these questions, the project uses the interdisciplinary character of comparative party politics and combines perspectives on anti-establishment politics from studies of democratic representation and electoral behaviour with the framing paradigm inherent to studies of political communication and social movements. The central assumption of the project is that by strategically embedding particular counter-system claims within their issue supply, AEPs can modify the positional and valence appeal of their issues. They thus construct a subjective perception of their supply as both a distinctive and viable representational vehicle of political change able to replace established parties and to fix representative democracy. The specific alignment of issues and frames into counter-system entrepreneurial strategies of representation is further believed to serve as a heuristic cue that mediates the sincere or protest character behind motivational motors of anti-establishment vote. The two analytical steps of the proposed single comparative framework combine computer-assisted qualitative frame analysis of AEP discourse in online press and social media with a quantitative analysis of patterns behind anti-establishment vote behaviour. The innovative conceptual focus of the proposed project contributes to both a systematic analytical explanation and a deeper empirical understanding of mainstreaming anti-establishment agency by political challengers, as well as its impact on the character of political representation in European party systems. Exploring AEP counter-system strategies of representation will thus help to better understand challenges facing contemporary representative democracies.