Molecular evolution and phylogenetic analysis among higher fungi

利用分子(主要是18S rRNA基因序列)和形态的系统发育图，我们绘制了主要高等真菌类群的现代系统发育图。主要结果如下。1.根据18S rRNA序列，我们在子囊菌门中发现了一个主要的新谱系“档案霉菌”。这一谱系首先在子囊菌中分化，在子囊菌和真子囊菌分化之前。2.到目前为止，几乎所有的真菌学家都认为Mixiosmundae是子囊菌中的一员，与原霉菌目和毛霉菌目有亲缘关系。从分子(18S RRNA)和形态(孢子囊)分析表明，该菌属于单隔型担子菌。3.在植物寄生真菌Proto-myces inouyei及其寄主日本幼虫之间发现了一个共同的I组内含子序列。这有力地表明，在进化过程中，I组内含子已从寄主植物转移到寄生真菌。4.从系统发育的角度分析了担子菌的三个主要谱系。担子菌的18S rRNA基因、隔膜孔类型和细胞壁化学成分之间存在很好的相关性。5.子囊菌和担子菌为单系，合子菌和合子菌为多系。我们的分析表明，几个谱系的鞭毛都消失了，龟类之间存在着很大的差异。6.利用并行逻辑程序设计语言KL1C/KL1，开发了计算任意分子系统发育树最大相似性值的程序Conour/1和Transverse/3。

Using a phylogeny from molecules (mainly 18S rRNA gene sequences) and morphology, we drew the modern phylogenetic pictures in the major higher fungal taxa. The principal results are as follows. 1.We detected the major new lineage "Archiascomycetes", which we proposed, within the Ascomycota based on the 18S rRNA sequences. This lineage diverged first among the ascomycetes, prior to the divergence of the himiascomycetes and euascomycetes. 2.To date almost all mycologists have believed that Mixia osmundae is a member of the ascomycetes, related to the Protomycetales and Taphrinales. An analysis from both molecule (18S rRNA) and morphology (sporangium) indicated that this fungus is assigned to the simple septate basidio-mycetes. 3.We found a common group I intron sequence between a plant-parasitic fungus Proto-myces inouyei, and its host, Youngia japonica. It strongly suggests that the group I intron had been transferred from the host plant to the parasitic fungus in the course of evolution. 4.Phylogenetically three major lineages among basidiomycetes have been detected. A good correlation between 18S rRNA gene, septal Pore types, and cell wall chemistry was found in basidiomycetous yeasts. 5.The ascomycetes and basidiomycetes are monophyletic, whereas the chytridiomycetes and zygomycetes are polyphyletic. Our analysis suggests loss of flagella on several lineages and great divergence among the chytrids. 6.Using KL1C/KL1, a parallel logic programming language, we developed programs Contour/1 and Transverse/3 to calculate maximum likehood values of arbitary molecular phylogenetic trees.