Physics-based QPE using polarimetric radars and commercial microwave links

P1的核心目标是最准确、最可靠的近实时降水定量估算（QPE）。这一估计将主要基于极化雷达网络的观测和商业微波链路（cml）的衰减测量，商用微波链路提供全国移动电话网络的回程。我们将改进、新开发和评估新的、普遍适用的方法，并将其应用于德国国家气象局（DWD）最近全面升级的双极化c波段雷达网络和爱立信德国运营的CML子网的观测。液体降水的QPE将基于特定衰减R(A)，采用由申请人共同开发并已成功应用于S和x波段雷达的方法。该方法将被应用于DWDs雷达网络，并进行优化。为了提高混合相降水的QPE，我们将利用偏振法对水流星进行分类，并开发新的偏振法对降雪强度进行量化。为了改善远离雷达的QPE，我们将开发第一种垂直反射率剖面的偏振校正方法，这将显著改善仅在熔化层内和以上测量的区域的QPE。最后，我们将通过一种新的协同方法进一步改进基于极化的QPE，该方法是由提案人开创的，用于利用我们可以实时访问的全国性CML网络。这种方法不仅将提高德国QPE的质量，而且还将加强我们仅从cml推导降雨信息的处理工具，这在缺乏气象雷达信息的发展中国家使用这种新兴技术时是必要的。

The core objective of P1 is a most accurate and reliable near-real time quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE). The estimate will be primarily based on observations from a network of polarimetric radars and attenuation measurements of commercial microwave links (CMLs), which provide the backhaul of countrywide cell phone networks. We will improve, newly develop and evaluate novel, generally applicable methods and apply them to observations of the recently fully upgraded dual-polarization C-band radar network of the German national weather service (DWD) and of a CML subnet operated by Ericsson Germany. QPE for liquid precipitation will be based on specific attenuation R(A) following a method co-developed by the applicants and already successfully applied to S- and X-band radars. The method will be adapted, transferred to and optimized for DWDs radar network. For improving QPE for mixed-phase precipitation, we will exploit polarimetry for hydrometeor classification and develop new polarimetric methods for the quantification of snow fall intensity. To improve QPE at distances far away from the radars, we will develop the first polarimetric correction method for vertical reflectivity profiles, which will significantly improve QPE in regions with measurements only within and above the melting layer. Finally, we will further improve polarimetry-based QPE by a new synergistic approach pioneered by the proposers for exploiting a nationwide CML network to which we have real-time access. This approach will not only increase QPE quality in Germany, but also strengthen our processing tools for the derivation of rainfall information from CMLs alone, which is necessary when employing this emerging technique in the absence of weather radar information like in developing countries.